Reflective Practice Essay

I am writing this reflective journal in accordance with the CNO`s reflective practice standards and the LEARN model. Though my time on 600A has only just begun I have learned so much. Like many second year students, this is my first experience in the hospital. It has proven to be much different than my previous clinical experiences. My time with my first client stands out in my mind as a key learning experience. I like to believe that I am caring and compassionate with everyone I meet, especially in a professional setting. This particular client was a lady in her early 80s. She was good natured and very easy to get along with. She was cognitively aware and quite bright. As a result of bowel surgery she had an ostomy. This was new to her and I could tell she was unsure about it. My first day with her we did a lot of chatting and sharing. She told me about her husband, children and career as a kindergarten teacher. This helped build a certain level of comfort with me as a caregiver. I had her to come for walks with me down the hall and once she was up and moving she said she felt much better. I helped her with her first shower post-op. I made her feel more comfortable by promising to stay outside the door while she was in there. When she was finished, I helped her to apply lotion to her dry skin and at her request gave her a good back rub. My shift ended and I said my goodbyes. My client told me she was sad to see me go and was looking forward to my return the next morning. That night when I went home I did some research into ostomies. Through my textbooks and previous experience I had a solid knowledge of the basic care but just in case I wanted to refresh. I was excited to return to clinical the next morning. My client had a big smile for me when I walked into her room. Throughout the evening the ostomy nurse had come in, did some assessments and quickly taught my client how to empty and clean the appliance. Unfortunately since the nurse was very busy she did not have the time practice with her. My client told me she was unsure and nervous about performing the task. Since I had taken the extra time to do the research the night before, I was able to take the client into  the bathroom and walk her through the steps. I had the knowledge necessary to put my client at ease and make her feel more comfortable with this new situation. My client went home that day while I was still on shift. Before she left she thanked me and told me she wouldn`t have felt ready to leave if I had not been able to teach her about the appliance. She even made sure I met her husband and he thanked me as well. I felt very proud to be a student nurse that day. I believe I had a positive impact on that client. I took the time to care for the client and attend to her post-operative needs. As the former president of the CNO, Sandra Ireland said, â€Å"Nursing is not like any other job — it is a profession that allows us to influence lives in ways that we know and ways that we cannot imagine. Clients and families carry with them the words of comfort, caring and encouragement you say during difficult times and throughout the rest of their lives.â€Å" (Ireland, 1998) My client had a big adjustment to make and I was there to offer the support she needed. By taking the time to care about my client, not only as a client but as a person I was able to make her stay at the hospital a better experience for her and her family. She felt comfortable and well cared for and her husband was more at ease knowing people were there to care when he couldn`t be. I was able to anticipate the client`s needs and prepare myself to assist with those needs as they arose. The Sault College Practical Nursing Program beliefs on caring are outlined in the student success guide. It states, â€Å"Caring is the essence of nursing practice. When caring is the foundation for helping relationships, each person is a partner in growth towards optimal health. The interpersonal connection between caregiver and client transcends time, gender and technology. It is our view that caring, as an interpersonal interaction can be learned. A caring nurse strives for competence and excellence in the professional practice. Caring can be modeled, acquired, practiced, perfected and evaluated.† (Sault College of Applied Arts & Technology School of Health & Community Services, 2008) Based on this principle of caring I feel I did a good job of caring for my client post-operative needs. I was able to form a  caring relationship with her. I was competent in the skills I performed with her and she left me healthier than when we first met. My care was lacking a holistic approach. Looking back I did an excellent job at caring for this woman and her new ostomy but I forgot about just the woman. Lois White explains, nursing the whole person: physical, emotional, intellectual, psychological, spiritual and sociocultural, is essential to ensure the health and well-being of a client in the healthcare system. By ignoring the other areas I did not provide the best care I’m capable of. She may have had some self-esteem issues related to having this appliance or concerns about how others will react, especially her family and friends. An ostomy is a huge adjustment to make and as the nurse I could have offered some support. The more time I get to practice caring and working on interpersonal connections with clients the better I will be at caring. I believe caring is an art and a skill and they only way to perfect it is to do it. I will try spending more time thinking and planning how I am going care for my clients. I will reflect on how my work with clients affected them and gauge this with their reactions. The client themselves are in the best position to evaluate my skills as a caregiver. This week when I return to the clinical setting I will put my new approach into action. After data collecting I will think about more about the holistic person than just treatments involved with their current surgery or illness. I will do my best to identify any issues fears the client is facing and offer support for these. I will speak to my client about their mental and social wellness and do my best to assess their status within my scope. If nothing more I may be able to offer brochures or phone numbers for support groups in the area. While working with the nurses, I will observe their interactions with the clients and the care they provide. I will attempt to use the good I see and learn from the bad. If I find someone with a style of caring I truly admire I will find time to discuss it with them and take in any jewels of wisdom  they have to offer me. At the end of the day or when I find a quiet moment I will reflect on the care I provided that day. I will think about my clients, and how I made them feel. My goal is receive positive feedback from all the clients I interact with each clinical day, whether it is verbal or a simple smile. I will leave my clients knowing that I provided them with the best, holistic care I could. I would also like to take some time either on a break or after clinical ends and really talk to my classmates about how they feel they are doing. We could discuss not just the new skills we learned and may have preformed, as per usual, but their progress with caring. Through this reflection I expanded my definition of care. I have always provided good care for my client’s ailments but I never took the time to really think about everything they may need to feel well again. Secondly I realized in order to be a truly caring nurse you need to take the time to think about your actions and interactions with clients. Reflecting back on the day, whether it is formal and written as in this journal or with classmates on the way home, will help me learn, grow and develop as a nurse. References: Ireland, S. (March 2004). President`s message. The Standard, 29 (1), 4. Sault College of Applied Arts & Technology School of Health & Community Services. (2008). Practical nursing program student success guide 2008-2009. Sault Ste Marie, ON. White, Lois. (2000). Foundations of Nursing: Caring for the Whole Person. Albany,NY: Cengage Learning

Gladiator: Critical film essay Essay

Ridley Scott’s Gladiator is the critically acclaimed 2000 film starring Russell Crowe which won forty-eight awards, including a BAFTA for best film. Gladiator depicts the tale of Maximus Decimus Meridius and his struggle against the might of the Roman Empire and the vicious gladiatorial arenas. Throughout Scott’s masterpiece are a wide range of filmic techniques in the visual and auditory channels that collaborate in enunciating the overall narrative. The opening sequence is a prime example that uses Mise-en-scene, lighting, costume and film speed to enunciate the key scene. The opening scene begins with some historical information that introduces the audience into the scene and sets up the narrative. Scott informs his audience on the vast scale of the Roman Empire, â€Å"One quarter of the world’s population lived and died under the Caesars.† The emphasis is on â€Å"and died† in order to set the scene for the incoming battle. The Universal and Dre amWorks logos are in a sepia colour. This colour informs the audience that the film is set in the past due to it being used for old photographs and ink. The historical information is accompanied by calming, serene music which leads to the first view of the protagonist. Scott has made use of coloured lighting, incorporating gold (which is representative of the wealth the Roman Empire had) in many scenes throughout the film. The colour gold is an interesting choice because it represents peace and riches which could also be a reference to the Roman afterlife Elysium. Scott has used Mise-en-scene in the first shot of the protagonist, brushing his hand in the corn field. Although the audience are only presented with an extreme close up shot of his hand; they learn about his character through Scott’s control of what appears in the frame. The audience sees a wedding ring on his hand and so learn that he is a family man. The critic John Gibbs also comments on Mise-en scene, â€Å"the contents of the frame and the way they are organised.† During the close-up of the protagonist’s hand, the audience can hear a diegetic sound of the wheat blowing. A non-diegetic sound of children playing and soothing music can also be heard which again tel ls the audience he is a family man with something to loose. The consonant tone of music and golden cornfields set up an idyllic scene of calmness which instantly contrasts when the frame cuts to a harsh, cold and dark Germanic battlefield. The camera uses a medium close up of Maximus’s face which reveals the emotions of a tired soldier. Maximus catches a glimpse of a red  robin which symbolises his near return home to the summer and his family. The robin’s red breast could also be a signifier of the forthcoming bloodshed. When Maximus moves on to greet his army a long shot is used which displays him walking alone. The theme of isolation comes into play which also recurs throughout the film. As the battle scene draws near, a high angle long shot is used to display the mighty Roman army. Costume is used a great deal in Gladiator and adds to the films authentic feel. A medium close up shot is used for the first time on Emperor Marcus Aurelius which shows him wearing rich clothing and surrounded by knights. This scene only lasts a few seconds but the audience discover he is a man of importance through costume. Moreover, Scott wanted Maximus to appear as a strong character that holds high authority as an important character. This is achieved through costume as Maximus’s armour is bigger than all other characters and has different insignias weaved into it. The costume for the barbarian army is rather contrasting to that of the Roman Empire. The barbarians are dressed in rugged cloth which suggests they are not nearly as advanced or wealthy as the Roams who wear steel armour. A Critical Introd uction to Film highlights the importance of costume, â€Å"Costume provides information about time and place, but, more importantly, they express social milieu and personal style.† At 04:41 the barbarian leader steps forward from his army and lunges the head of the Roman messenger into the swampy ground and disrespects the Roman army. This is a casual chain of events that help drive the plot forward, â€Å"Film narration moves forward by a succession of events linked in a casual chain.† It is evident that the Roman army will fight now and Maximus kneels down to run dirt through his hands which is a recurring motif. The motif shows the spiritual side of Maximus, he asks the gods to fight beside him. As Maximus kneels down the audience are given a Point of View shot through Maximus staring into a dog’s eyes. The dog symbolises the brute force of Maximus and suggests he is a wild character. As Gladiator mounts his horse the music quickens and a non-diegetic drum beat begins to enunciate the battle scene. The music increases pace as the battle almost begins which heightens audience’s tension and excitement. As the battle begins a wave of Roman arrows are dispersed and computer generated imagery showcases a variety of special effects. A long range establishing shot on a high angle displays the dest ruction that the Roman Empire is unleashing. As  Gladiator rides with his cavalry there is an array of fast cutting shots that last a few seconds each. The fast paced shots give the audience a battle like feel with exaggerated sound effects of swords clashing and explosions. Maximus demonstrates his leadership role by shouting commands like, â€Å"Stay with me† and â€Å"Hold the line† . After the establishing shots of the battle Scott includes scenes that are more subjective to Gladiator. The gory battle follows Maximus as he enters a slow-motion phase that displays his disorientated point of view of the battle and a montage of his men fighting. Furthermore, the dog also engages in battle which suggests he is strong and independent like Gladiator. Ridley Scott’s Gladiator incorporates brilliant techniques that contribute in enunciating the opening sequence. These techniques are things such as the use of costume which generates an authentic feel and camera speed which demonstrates a terrifying battle. A strong use of Mise-en-scene shows how the narrative develops through camera lighting and casual chains in the plot.

India China compare and contrast Essay

Hinduism and Buddhism were two very different religions that arose on the subcontinent of India. They were the building blocks of the most populated country in the world and still have lasting impacts today. India’s Hindu and Buddhist roots play a major role in their actions today as a world super power. By extension, Hinduism and Buddhism played very different but equally vital roles in the beginnings of India’s modern societal and cultural values. The influences on society of Hinduism and Buddhism differed in Hinduism’s implementation of a strict rigid caste system and the Buddhist idea of having a single leader that influenced the people (a Bodhisattva), while they were similar in both giving the people who followed them a goal in life because both religions promoted right living to achieve spiritual enlightenment. Hinduism and Buddhism differed in the societal impact of caste implementation; the Hindus strongly forced this stratified class system while the Buddhists discouraged it. This is one of the largest differences between these two religions and played a major role in the history of India. In India, before the life of Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha), the caste system was a way of life. Its strict and rigid implementation into the daily lives of all changed the society through such varying social classes. The caste system divided people into very strict social classes, and relationships/intermarriage between castes was not allowed. This meant that the classes in India stayed the same, and moving up or down in caste was impossible. When Buddhism was introduced, the Buddha believed the caste system was not needed for enlightenment and as his followers accumulated, the impact of the caste system dimished, allowing for the eventual banning of it altogether. Both of these religions’ beliefs pertaining to caste regulation and social stratification forever changed the ideals of India and continue to today. Hinduism and Buddhism also differed in the existence of a single leader; the Hindus had none, while the Buddhists followed the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. This difference impacted society because before the rise of Buddhism, the Hindus had no specific origin or leader to follow. When the Buddha began his teachings, the society of India experienced a monumental shift as many of the people previously lacking a leader had someone to follow. This began the transition  to Buddhism as well as instigated other social impacts like the weakening of the previously absolute caste system and majority Hindu following in India. The Buddha’s teachings and ideas were described in the allegorical novel, Siddhartha, which shows in part the Buddha’s following, his rise in fame, and journey to enlightenment through life. The foll owers and fame of the Buddha gradually changed the values and beliefs of Indian society as nothing in several thousand years of Hindu dominance had. As a result, this changed Indian society in ways that we continue to see to this day. However, Hinduism and Buddhism were similar in giving their followers a goal (enlightenment) in life; Hinduism and Buddhism’s followers both strive to achieve enlightenment or nirvana: through Moksha, Karma, and Dharma, or through the eight-fold path. Either way, Indians have a goal in life, something with lasting impacts on societal values and the way of life of many Indians. Siddhartha, written as an allegory, displays this perfectly. The protagonist strives for enlightenment in life in the same way the followers of this religion do. As a result, this religion changes the society of India through living consciously to ones Dharma and practicing all aspects of the eight-fold path. Instead of living life hopelessly, like the early Mesopotamians who had nothing to hope for after life on earth, Indians strive for the betterment of society through first bettering themselves and altering the soci ety as a whole.

Exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exam questions - Essay Example In addition, exchange rates can make it quite difficult or easier for foreign competition to penetrate the local markets. Exchange rates can also have a direct impact on the losses and profits in a business. Fluctuations in exchange rates can negatively or positively affect both exports and imports. Thus the cost of raw materials that are imported could be more or less on the basis of the exchange rate between two trading nations which may lead to either hard or easy export. When more money is used in producing goods which are exported to a different nation with a less currency rate, it leads to those goods being less priced leading to the business having losses. Because of these changes in exchange rates when importing or exporting, the government gets interested in the exchange rates between currencies of other countries. Thus whenever goods are produced in a different nation, the government concentrates on selling of those goods so as to get more money from other nations from its exports. Production of such goods is usually done at low prices making use of the currency with the country having low currency rate and then profits are gotten by selling the produce in a country having a high currency rate. Such conversion of currencies in the production as well as selling of a similar product is aimed at earning profit. In addition, the government is dependent on some controls that control the exchange rate and these controls are long-term, medium-term and short-term. For instance, in short-term, the major banks like Central Bank operate with foreign markets by either beginning to buy or sell its currency. The interest rate on currency on the medium term can be regulated to make profit only. On the other hand, on the long-term, management of the economy is in such a manner that it results in a direct increase in the demand and value of the products manufactured in the nation (imports) with the demand for foreign currency also increasing. For a country

The Fashionistas Guide to Japanese Fashion Tribes Essay

The Fashionistas Guide to Japanese Fashion Tribes - Essay Example The essay "The Fashionistas Guide to Japanese Fashion Tribes" analyzes the Fashion Tribes in Japan. During 19th century Japan started to emulate Western fashion. The fashion market of Japan maintains its position as one f the largest across the globe and has always been changing its trends which has even given birth to street fashion by Japanese girls that indicates mixing every fashion style possible so as to give a customized look. The aspect of sales and promotion has been always a primary concern for the fashion industry of Japan. May that be through fashion parades, street fashion style, Fashionistas magazine or any other form of promotional technique Japanese teenagers have always been associated with the fashion statement of Japan. Japan in the present scenario comprises of wide array of styles of dresses that includes both the foreign as well as local labels. In certain regions that of Tokyo the hip hop style was very strongly imitated by the youth of Tokyo and they preferred to wear hip hop style dresses to the over sized clothes. One of the major styles that are still prevalent in the Japan fashion market is that of street fashion that can advertised by many young generation girls on magazines or even on fashion parades as it denotes to be more trendy and fashionable (Kaser, 2012). There are various fashion theories however the acceptance of a fashion by a market segment can be well depicted through a fashion cycle. There are various phases of the fashion cycle such as introduction.

Anti-car theft system Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anti-car theft system - Coursework Example GSM based anti-car theft is based on operation through the consideration of GSM module and micro controller programming (Chandra, 2005). The system used in the security comprises GSM which functions as an intermediate between the car owner and the entire car system. The system is responsible for both receiving of calls for system activation and also its deactivation and sending a text message to the owner. The output of the system is fed in to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is considered the main brain behind the entire system with a written program stored in the Read Only Memory. The controller with the direction of the written program connects and coordinates the system of operation through different aspects. The connection occurs when the system is active as it monitors both the car doors and the boot of the car to each if there is opening of the car by a stranger. The system also works to demobilize the car by disconnecting the ignition line from the battery supply through the actuator(Eberspächer, Vögel & Bettstetter, 2001). The design also works with the start up an alarm for the purpose of al ert. If the system is inactive there will be disabling of all the outputs and sensor inputs. In the project, there was utilizing of the design through locally assembled microcontroller and other few basic components of electronic components to achieve both the controller and the controlled. Microcontrollers have been seen to be used in performance of the simple security task inn which performance of humans might be able to degrade over time(Halonen, Romero & Melero, 2003). The engineering technique that has been used in the design is that which makes it reliable,durable and capable for offering guarantee security at all times, the power supply that has been used provides the voltage and current which is required for effective performance

Analyis of financial objectives. financials projecttions and Essay

Analyis of financial objectives. financials projecttions and investment decisions - Essay Example Being employed in the finance department at Aztec Catering, this report analyses the tasks that Ms. Field, the Chief Financial Officer at Aztec Catering, has given and this report is aimed to review the three current objectives of the company, prepare and analyse the three year financial plan of Aztec Catering as well as evaluate the capital investment decision that the company can take and how this decision can add the value to the company. The report has been divided into three sections and each section aims to accomplish the three tasks that have been provided. The first section of the report critically evaluates the suitability of the current objectives of Aztec Catering. Moreover, this section analyses and compares the objective of the competing firm, Compass with the Aztec’s objectives. The second part of the report analyses and predicts whether the company would face any financing problem in the next three years. Moreover, this section also justifies the solution that t he company can implement in order to help itself from such problems. The third section of the report analyses and evaluates the capital investment decision that the company can take. This section analyses how this investment decision can be helpful in increasing the wealth of the shareholders of the firm and different investment appraisal techniques have been used in order to analyse whether investment should be made or not. Some of the techniques that have been used in order to analyse the investment decisions are: Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), and Economic Value Analysis (SVA). Section 1: Critical Analysis of the objectives of Aztec Catering and Compass Group The first section of the report cortically analyses the objectives of Aztec Catering and its competitor Compass Group. It is important to know that Compass Group is an international brand and it is not only operating and serving the clients of United Kingdom but it ha s presence in different parts of the world. Therefore the objectives of Compass Group should be considered as the benchmark and the company should and can use the objectives of Compass Group to achieve more success in United Kingdom and even then expand its offerings to other parts of the world. The current objectives of Aztec Catering that have been decided at the end of 2012 board meeting are as follows: a. To maintain a profit margin of around 24% b. To ensure the current strong financial position is maintained c. To satisfy the shareholders by maintaining a dividend payout ratio of 50% It can be found that all the three objectives of Aztec Catering have been focusing and emphasizing on profitability and financial position of the company. The first objective of the company focuses on maintaining a minimum profit margin (Tucker, and Lean, 2003). Profit margin of the company is the ratio of net profit after to sales. Or it is the ratio that the company earns after deducting all the expenses and paying of interest expense as well as taxes to the revenue (Cravens, and Piercy, 2008).. Therefore, the first objective encourages the management to focus on achieving higher profitability regardless of how it has to be done. In order to meet the first objectiv

Critically evaluate the status of Offender profiling as a Essay

Critically evaluate the status of Offender profiling as a psychologically - underpinned technique - Essay Example an either be â€Å"proactive or reactive.† Investigators use reactive profiling when solving crimes that have already happened while proactive profiling involves an attempt to interdict and foil crime before it happens. Profiling provides the police investigators with a personality snapshot or typology helpful in identifying and apprehending a suspect. It assists the police with a set of unique behavioural habits and personality characteristics. Alison and Canter (1999) say that profiling almost always takes place after a crime scene has been examined. Dr. Canter’s studies related to the link between Action versus Characteristics ( A v C ) of the offender including his criminal history, background and relationships to others has become known as the ‘profiling equations’ and has given rise to criminal behaviour identification which is crucial to models of inference related to investigations. Unlike detective fiction, these inference models operate at the thematic level. To collect information and test hypothesis for inductive reasoning; is at the heart of empirical science and investigative psychology where a wide range of empirical studies aims at providing objective bases for investigative inferences. Studies related to inference are slowly beginning to provide a basis for a general theory of offender consistency. But it would be unwise to rule out the possibility, that if the offender is intelligent, he’ll often alter his M.O. (Modus Operandi or method of operation) to avoid detection as in the case of Yorkshire Ripper; who used a screwdriver in his early killings and later changed to using a ligature. To help the police generate detailed information, psychologists have developed processes and guidelines for ‘cognitive interviews’ but to measure their precise relevance and accuracy, varies between situations. Similarly, psychologists are involved in studies and procedures to help reconstruct faces from memory. They have also contributed to the

Study Case (computer Crime) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(computer Crime) - Case Study Example According to the sexual exploitation of children’s act, the accused is guilty of transporting visual depiction a sexual misconduct against children. The accused had the duty to verify that the material transported was safe for use and free of any sexual exploitation. However, failure to observe this measure makes the defendant an accomplice to children sexual exploitation. Furthermore, the defendant claimed that the evidence used against him was insufficient to confirm him as guilty. The defendant states that the goods were part of a foreign interstate commerce. The hard drives, as well as the webcam were probably made from Korea or China. However, he depended on his experience and assumed that they originated from Korea or China; thus, free of any sexual videos. It is unlawful to transport videos of sexual exploitation on children. The government requires that individuals trading in foreign computer hardware must be keen to avoid the sale of hardware with consisting of videos that sexually exploit children. The defendant is guilty as he failed to do his job professionally assuming that the place of origin of the hard drive and webcam were safe. On the other, the defendant’s trial was delayed, which is against the sixth amendment. This amendment requires that an accused must face immediate trial when accused of criminal activities. Delayed trial is a violation of an accused sixth amendment’s right (Jordan 123). Nevertheless, violation of the defendant does not make him less guilty or free from the crime committed. The court was provided with adequate evidence to prove that the defendant was guilty. It is rightful for the court to convict the defendant to avoid similar carelessness in future. In the case of Acevado, the defendant was sentenced following a panel of adjudicators’ trial of aiding, and producing and assisting in the creation of a visual portrayal of a minor

Fired for Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fired for Creativity - Essay Example In order to complete a case analysis on his story, initially, before answering six essay questions, this paper will first provide a summary of Lasseter’s experience from a management perspective. According to the Power and Politics in the Fall and Rise of John Lasseter, the creative man’s employment background, the early attraction to animation began in his freshman year of high school and only intensified when he began his formal education in the field. Upon being hired at Disney, Lasseter worked emphatically to progress the animation department to the ways of the future by introducing the idea of films based solely off computer-generated imaging. While his intentions were honorable, Lasseter acknowledges that his drive may have created instances where he seemed like a loose cannon. After a particular meeting where Lasseter was allowed to create a test film to demonstrate the viability of using both hand drawn animation and computer generated imaging, he was immediatel y fired by a supervisor who did not care for him. This instance is where the case analysis can determine a clear problem with management style. The problem with what happened to Lasseter is that his employment termination was obviously personal in nature. It seems ridiculous that an employee of a creative company could be terminated for simply being creative. Furthermore, Lasseter had no outstanding work infractions. For whatever personal reason that this studio head did not care for Lasseter, the employee was fired unjustly. Personal feelings must be worked out in a professional manner versus being dealt with professionally which can often go the wrong way, as we see in this example. Fortunately for Lasseter, this unjust retribution did not last as the young animator was hired by Steve Jobs and helped him in the creation and success of Disney’s Pixar and the outstanding films the company produced. The analysis of this scenario demonstrates that while younger employees can fi nd themselves at a disadvantage when it comes to dealing with their more tenured and older counterparts, there is always hope in the fact that someone else will see them and value their creativity. Questions 1-6 1. What forms of interpersonal power are evident in the case? Within the case of Lasseter and the studio head who did not care for him as a person, the types of interpersonal power being used are those of status and age. As the older, more experienced employee, the studio head knew he had the upper hand in the situation as he had the more advanced job title to effectively be able to have Lasseter fired without due cause. 2. In what ways do the two faces of power appear in this case? The two faces of power in this case are first, the studio head who chose to have Lasseter unjustly fired. By simply using his power to make this happen, the studio head used the power of his position and office politics to have the young artist fired. The second face of power in this case is that of Steve Jobs himself. The actions of Jobs allow him to act as the hero in this story as he is able to see the value in this employee and hire him back on for Pixar. 3. Does the firing of John Lasseter from Disney Studios and the events leading up to his firing demonstrate the ethical use of power? Explain

Health Systems Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health Systems Administration - Essay Example To operate as a team in the management and direction of the hospital, the administrator, and associate administrator and chief of staff occupied the top level position of a Military hospital. For clinical services the physician chief of staff has line authority and for all administrative services, the associate administrator has line authority. They are also actively involved in the overall management of the hospital. 3. Public Relations: A health care delivery system maintains good relations with various organizations such as other hospitals, medical societies, medical schools and other colleges and universities, and public health officials and organizations The health system administrators have full responsibility for planning, directing, organizing, coordinating, and controlling overall administrative operations The Health System Administrator at this Level directs a full range of administrative services including fiscal, personnel, supply, engineering, medical records administration, and hospital housekeeping. The Health System Administrator at Level II works on a day-to-day basis with the health care delivery system's administrator and chief of staff. The health system administrator participates in top management discussions, decisions, and policymaking, and sharing accordingly in the responsibility for top management actions except those which require a strictly medical decision. The main functi The main functions include developing, and adjusting organizational structures and management systems for the administrative and allied health services

Indian Wedding Clothes Essay Example for Free

Indian Wedding Clothes Essay In India, the wedding rituals and clothes make the wedding as much as that of the bride and her groom. Both look their splendid best in gorgeous clothes. Not just the couple, but the guests attending the family and the relatives are often seen dressed up to the teeth. The bride is dressed up in auspicious colors, whereas the bridegroom is dressed to exude a regale aura. The bridesmaids and best men are often dressed in par with the bride and the groom. But they are toned down a bit because the day belongs to the couple. All the folks attending the marriage are decked up with gold jewelry including the bride and sometimes the groom. The ladies are additionally adorned with henna patterns all over their palms, hands, forearms, legs and feet. Sometimes henna patterns are replaced with alta designs which are short lived and easily removable. Indian wedding generally tend to continue for several days and new attire is worn each day. All these dresses and the color symbolize the meaning of marriage and the period that follows it. Indian wedding is one that gives more importance to details like different rituals and the various attires one wears to attend them. Hindu wedding Indian Hindu weddings continue for several days. India is a country that defines diversity and this is visible even in the wedding and its different styles. The ceremonies, the rituals, the formalities are all different between each region and culture. Unlike the Christians, Hindus wedding ceremony does not resemble the western marriages and are quite elaborate. In the North,Starting from the Tilak ceremony, each function has significance in the marriage. Tilak, Sangeet, Haldi, Baraat and the Shaadi, all necessitate the Bride and the bridegroom to wear new attire at each occasion.All these above ceremonies are known by different names in the other parts,e.g.:Simant puja in the west,or Mangalasnanam in the south and so on.But have got   he same significance all over. Bridegrooms clothes Many communities of South,West and Eastern India still adhere to the traditional costumes,i.e. Dhoti,or sometimes Lungi,and Mundu by some communities of the South.Kurta or a shirt may be worn or sometimes just a Angavastram may be used to cover the chest. On the other hand in the Northern parts, bridegroom usually wears a Sherwani, Jodhpuri suit or a western suit. The groom’s face is covered with a veiled with a curtain of flowers which is called Sehra in the North,which is not the custom elsewhere. It is also customary to wear a Taqiyah all through the ceremony in Muslim marriages. Many prefer to wear a Kurta.Kurta can be worn with Salwar,or Dhoti. A dazzling series of ensemble for bridegrooms include majestic sherwani, blended Indo-western suit and ethnic Jodhpuri suit. The exquisite shirts, coats and jackets are designed with extra care and touch to bring out the magnanimity out of the bridegroom on the marriage day. Precious embellishments are studded into the collars and the cuffs of the bridegroom’s dress. Available both in simple cottons and splendid, royal raw silk, these Kurta Pyjamas are a preferred mostly by the bridegrooms. Brides clothes Christian Bride in wedding sari The bride wears a saree or a lehenga according to the region. Red is considered to be the most auspicious color in among Hindus. While the saree is preferred as the bridal dress in South India, West, East India, most brides of other parts of India prefer Lehenga, Gagra Choli and Odni as bridal dress. Christian wedding Christian marriage in India is mostly an adaption of western wedding ceremonies. Here the bridegroom wears a western suit or tuxedo. The Bride usually opts for a silk saree or a western gown. Bridesmaid and family While during a marriage function, the bride and the bridegroom take the centre stage, the bridesmaid takes over everyone off-stage. Dainty Lehenga Cholis in bright colors, long cholis for the conservative, authentic designer lehengas and readymade lehenga cholis are usually selected by the bridesmaid as wedding ensemble. Sometimes the bridesmaids wear sari rich in silk and embroidery. Delicately put together with alluring fabrics of bright and cheery colours, these Lehengas bring out the playful nature of the bridesmaid.

A Study On Business Forecasting Statistics Essay

A Study On Business Forecasting Statistics Essay The aim of this report is to show my understanding of business forecasting using data which was drawn from the UK national statistics. It is a quarterly series of total consumer credit gross lending in the UK from the second quarter 1993 to the second quarter 2009. The report answers four key questions that are relevant to the coursework. In this section the data will be examined, looking for seasonal effects, trends and cycles. Each time period represents a single piece of data, which must be split into trend-cycle and seasonal effect. The line graph in Figure 1 identifies a clear upward trend-cycle, which must be removed so that the seasonal effect can be predicted. Figure 1 displays long-term credit lending in the UK, which has recently been hit by an economic crisis. Figure 2 also proves there is evidence of a trend because the ACF values do not come down to zero. Even though the trend is clear in Figure 1 and 2 the seasonal pattern is not. Therefore, it is important the trend-cycle is removed so the seasonal effect can be estimated clearly. Using a process called differencing will remove the trend whilst keeping the pattern. Drawing scattering plots and calculating correlation coefficients on the differenced data will reveal the pattern repeat. Scatter Plot correlation The following diagram (Figure 3) represents the correlation between the original credit lending data and four lags (quarters). A strong correlation is represented by is showed by a straight-line relationship. As depicted in Figure 3, the scatter plot diagrams show that the credit lending data against lag 4 represents the best straight line. Even though the last diagram represents the straightest line, the seasonal pattern is still unclear. Therefore differencing must be used to resolve this issue. Differencing Differencing is used to remove a trend-cycle component. Figure 4 results display an ACF graph, which indicates a four-point pattern repeat. Moreover, figure 5 shows a line graph of the first difference. The graph displays a four-point repeat but the trend is still clearly apparent. To remove the trend completely the data must differenced a second time. First differencing is a useful tool for removing non-stationary. However, first differencing does not always eliminate non-stationary and the data may have to be differenced a second time. In practice, it is not essential to go beyond second differencing, because real data generally involve non-stationary of only the first or second level. Figure 6 and 7 displays the second difference data. Figure 6 displays an ACF graph of the second difference, which reinforces the idea of a four-point repeat. Suffice to say, figure 7 proves the trend-cycle component has been completely removed and that there is in fact a four-point pattern repeat. Question 2 Multiple regression involves fitting a linear expression by minimising the sum of squared deviations between the sample data and the fitted model. There are several models that regression can fit. Multiple regression can be implemented using linear and nonlinear regression. The following section explains multiple regression using dummy variables. Dummy variables are used in a multiple regression to fit trends and pattern repeats in a holistic way. As the credit lending data is now seasonal, a common method used to handle the seasonality in a regression framework is to use dummy variables. The following section will include dummy variables to indicate the quarters, which will be used to indicate if there are any quarterly influences on sales. The three new variables can be defined: Q1 = first quarter Q2 = second quarter Q3 = third quarter Trend and seasonal models using model variables The following equations are used by SPSS to create different outputs. Each model is judged in terms of its adjusted R2. Linear trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Quadratic trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Cubic trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Initially, data and time columns were inputted that displayed the trends. Moreover, the sales data was regressed against time and the dummy variables. Due to multi-collinearity (i.e. at least one of the variables being completely determined by the others) there was no need for all four variables, just Q1, Q2 and Q3. Linear regression Linear regression is used to define a line that comes closest to the original credit lending data. Moreover, linear regression finds values for the slope and intercept that find the line that minimizes the sum of the square of the vertical distances between the points and the lines. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .971a .943 .939 3236.90933 Figure 8. SPSS output displaying the adjusted coefficient of determination R squared Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 17115.816 1149.166 14.894 .000 time 767.068 26.084 .972 29.408 .000 Q1 -1627.354 1223.715 -.054 -1.330 .189 Q2 -838.519 1202.873 -.028 -.697 .489 Q3 163.782 1223.715 .005 .134 .894 Figure 9 The adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.939, which is an excellent fit (Figure 8). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 767.068, is positive, indicating an upward trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level (0.05). Hence, variables must be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 9). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Although Q3 and Q2 is removed, Q1 is still not significant. All the quarterly variables must be removed, therefore, leaving time as the only variable, which is significant. Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 16582.815 866.879 19.129 .000 time 765.443 26.000 .970 29.440 .000 Figure 10 The following table (Table 1) analyses the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 10. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values. Predictedvalues = 16582.815+765.443*time Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 60978.51 52199.00 61743.95 50261.00 62509.40 49615.00 63274.84 47995.00 64040.28 45273.00 64805.72 42836.00 65571.17 43321.00 66336.61 Table 1 Suffice to say, this model is ineffective at predicting future values. As the original holdback data decreases for each quarter, the predicted values increase during time, showing no significant correlation. Non-Linear regression Non-linear regression aims to find a relationship between a response variable and one or more explanatory variables in a non-linear fashion. (Quadratic) Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .986a .972 .969 2305.35222 Figure 11 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 11840.996 1099.980 10.765 .000 time 1293.642 75.681 1.639 17.093 .000 time2 -9.079 1.265 -.688 -7.177 .000 Q1 -1618.275 871.540 -.054 -1.857 .069 Q2 -487.470 858.091 -.017 -.568 .572 Q3 172.861 871.540 .006 .198 .844 Figure 12 The quadratic non-linear adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.972 (Figure 11), which is a slight improvement on the linear coefficient (Figure 8). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 1293.642, is positive, indicating an upward trend, whereas, ‘time2, is -9.079, which is negative. Overall, the positive and negative values indicate a curve in the trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level. Hence, variables must also be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 9). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Once Q2 and Q3 have been removed it is obvious Q1 is under the 5% level, meaning it is significant (Figure 13). Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 11698.512 946.957 12.354 .000 time 1297.080 74.568 1.643 17.395 .000 time2 -9.143 1.246 -.693 -7.338 .000 Q1 -1504.980 700.832 -.050 -2.147 .036 Figure 13 Table 2 displays analysis of the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 13. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values: QuadPredictedvalues = 11698.512+1297.080*time+(-9.143)*time2+(-1504.980)*Q1 Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 56172.10 52199.00 56399.45 50261.00 55103.53 49615.00 56799.29 47995.00 56971.78 45273.00 57125.98 42836.00 55756.92 43321.00 57379.54 Table 2 Compared to Table 1, Table 2 presents predicted data values that are closer in range, but are not accurate enough. Non-Linear model (Cubic) Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .997a .993 .992 1151.70013 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 17430.277 710.197 24.543 .000 time 186.531 96.802 .236 1.927 .060 time2 38.217 3.859 2.897 9.903 .000 time3 -.544 .044 -2.257 -12.424 .000 Q1 -1458.158 435.592 -.048 -3.348 .002 Q2 -487.470 428.682 -.017 -1.137 .261 Q3 12.745 435.592 .000 .029 .977 Figure 15 The adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.992, which is the best fit (Figure 14). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 186.531, and time2, 38.217, is positive, indicating an upward trend. The coefficient of ‘time3 is -.544, which indicates a curve in trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level. Hence, variables must be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 15). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Once Q3 and Q2 have been removed Q1 is now significant but the ‘time variable is not so it must also be removed. Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 18354.735 327.059 56.120 .000 time2 45.502 .956 3.449 47.572 .000 time3 -.623 .017 -2.586 -35.661 .000 Q1 -1253.682 362.939 -.042 -3.454 .001 Figure 16 Table 3 displays analysis of the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 16. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values: CubPredictedvalues = 18354.735+45.502*time2+(-.623)*time3+(-1253.682)*Q1 Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 49868.69 52199.00 48796.08 50261.00 46340.25 49615.00 46258.51 47995.00 44786.08 45273.00 43172.89 42836.00 40161.53 43321.00 39509.31 Table 3 Suffice to say, the cubic model displays the most accurate predicted values compared to the linear and quadratic models. Table 3 shows that the original data and predicted values gradually decrease. Question 3 Box Jenkins is used to find a suitable formula so that the residuals are as small as possible and exhibit no pattern. The model is built only involving a few steps, which may be repeated as necessary, resulting with a specific formula that replicates the patterns in the series as closely as possible and also produces accurate forecasts. The following section will show a combination of decomposition and Box-Jenkins ARIMA approaches. For each of the original variables analysed by the procedure, the Seasonal Decomposition procedure creates four new variables for the modelling data: SAF: Seasonal factors SAS: Seasonally adjusted series, i.e. de-seasonalised data, representing the original series with seasonal variations removed. STC: Smoothed trend-cycle component, which is smoothed version of the seasonally adjusted series that shows both trend and cyclic components. ERR: The residual component of the series for a particular observation Autoregressive (AR) models can be effectively coupled with moving average (MA) models to form a general and useful class of time series models called autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models,. However, they can only be used when the data is stationary. This class of models can be extended to non-stationary series by allowing differencing of the data series. These are called autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The variable SAS will be used in the ARIMA models because the original credit lending data is de-seasonalised. As the data in Figure 19 is de-seasonalised it is important the trend is removed, which results in seasonalised data. Therefore, as mentioned before, the data must be differenced to remove the trend and create a stationary model. Model Statistics Model Number of Predictors Model Fit statistics Ljung-Box Q(18) Number of Outliers Stationary R-squared Normalized BIC Statistics DF Sig. Seasonal adjusted series for creditlending from SEASON, MOD_2, MUL EQU 4-Model_1 0 .485 14.040 18.693 15 .228 0 Model Statistics Model Number of Predictors Model Fit statistics Ljung-Box Q(18) Number of Outliers Stationary R-squared Normalized BIC Statistics DF Sig. Seasonal adjusted series for creditlending from SEASON, MOD_2, MUL EQU 4-Model_1 0 .476 13.872 16.572 17 .484 0 ARMA (3,2,0) Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 50335.29843 52199.00 50252.00595 50261.00 50310.44277 49615.00 49629.75233 47995.00

Traditional Concepts To Modern Knowledge Intensive Concepts Management Essay

Traditional Concepts To Modern Knowledge Intensive Concepts Management Essay Introduction: Innovation and Change are 2 of the most used buzz words in the modern corporate era. Some industries are entirely based on innovation. The survivability of companies operating in such industries are, to a large extent, based on their ability to innovate. The electronic consumer goods industry is a great example. The frequency in which firms like Apple and Google scrap their penultimate design and go for the new one is just alarming. On the other hand, Change is another equally important concept for companies in the modern era. Change becomes inevitable for firms operating in volatile industries as they have to respond quickly to the ripples in the market and adjust their own internal processes as a reaction. This necessitates effective change management every time an organization undergoes a change initiative. As Kotter(XXXX) observed rightly; The rate of change is not going to slow down anytime soon. If anything, competition in most industries will probably speed up even more in the next few decades. Through this piece of work, I would like to look at knowledge theory and how the concepts of innovation and change have evolved from traditional linear model to the modern knowledge intensive forms. The essay would be focusing mainly on information technology functions of firms and how they manage their innovation and change process. We would also explore the practical implications of widely used academic terms like knowledge management, knowledge workers, boundary objects, stickiness of knowledge etc with the help of some examples from the technology front. Knowledge theory: For the scope of this essay, we shall use the term Knowledge theory as the one which refers to the concepts of knowledge management and the appreciation of intellectual capital as an integral part of an organisations asset. As a broad term, this also includes the various terms frequently used in knowledge work like knowledge boundaries, boundary objects etc. During the industrial revolution, labour and capital were considered as the major resources to build an organisation. Management emphasis was on effectively handling these resources and the role of managers was limited largely to financial management and human resource management. However, with the advent of the information age, we have seen managers being increasingly aware of another major resource knowledge. This increasing importance of knowledge management is reflected in the works of several academics as well. Bell (1973) suggested that knowledge would be a central feature of post-industrial societies. The concept of knowledge management mainly revolves around 2 popular views on knowledge, the knowledge as possession view and the epistemology of practice. Knowledge as a possession considers knowledge as something that an individual/organisation can possess, and pass on to others seamlessly across different situations and contexts. However, the practice view of knowledge takes into account the importance of tacit knowledge and argues that knowledge is intrinsic to specific contexts and is created and negotiated through social interactions (Newell et al., 2009). Thus knowledge work could be defined as any work that deals with knowledge. However, for a specific spectrum of analysis, we shall limit our analysis only to the so called knowledge intensive firms. These are firms which have a high percentage of highly qualified staff who trade in knowledge itself (Starbuck, 1992). Consultancy firms like Ernst and Young or Deloitte are prime examples for knowledge intensive organisations. Co nsultants sell their knowledge to organisations or individual and organisations in need and quite evidently does knowledge work on a daily basis. Organisations like Google and Apple, where research and development is key to gaining competitive advantage over rivals are also knowledge intensive. Other examples of knowledge intensive professionals include pharmacists, educationists, doctors, accountants etc. The majority of knowledge intensive firms are under increasing pressure from the external environment in terms of staying competitive and profitable. Thus essentially, ability to innovate and change is integral to their success as organisations. We shall now briefly look at the traditional views on innovation and change through the work of some academics and the gradual shift in concept in the information era. This would set the stage for our analysis on how and where knowledge management fits in the processes of change and innovation. Definition of Innovation: Several academics have clearly differentiated the concepts of creativity and innovation. Organisational creativity refers to the generation of novel and useful ideas, whereas organisational innovation describes the realization of those ideas(Cook,1998; Jones, 1995). Thus innovation can be defined as the process by which a new element becomes available within the marketplace or is introduced into an organization with the intention of changing or challenging the status quo (King, 1995). The innovation process can be classified into 5 types (Andriopoulos and Dawson, 2009): Product innovation As the name suggests, this refers to the creation of a new product. Common examples include the ipod and the latest ipad devices from Apple, which took the market by storm. Innovative methods of computing are being released each year and this is changing the face of the IT arena. Service innovations This refers to the creation of new and improved services. Hotmail worlds first free web based email service is a prime example. Process innovations Here, the innovation is on the process rather than on the end product or service. In the United States, Netflix offers subscription based DVD rentals online. This is now the largest of its kind in the world due to several innovations in its process. The firm uses distributed warehouse system to deliver DVDs to its customers via post. The returned DVDs are scanned first if they are requested again before it goes back to the warehouse. This streamlined and fast delivery model has helped Netflix become the market leader.(Rappa, 2008) Management innovations The adoption of Japanese manufacturing techniques by American and European companies during the eighties and nineties is an example of Management innovation. Market or position innovation This refers to the creation of new markets as a result of innovation. With the advent of Second life, a whole new virtual reality market has sprung up and is fast growing. Before this, this market simply did not exist. Traditional view on innovation: The traditional view on innovation considers it as a linear process starting from creation of the innovation, going through several stages until the innovation is accepted or rejected by the adopting unit. Rogers (1995), in support of the linear approach, used the term diffusion for the process of communicating the innovation through the channels of a social system. The innovation-decision process according to this model can be depicted as below: Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation Confirmation Fig1.1 Innovation-Decision process (Rogers, 1995) Knowledge The manager or decision maker or more generally the adopting unit becomes aware of the innovation. Persuasion The unit develops either a favourable or unfavourable attitude towards the innovation. Decision The unit undergoes a series of activities leading to the choice of acceptance or rejection of the innovation. Implementation The unit puts the innovation to use. Confirmation The innovation is confirmed and the innovation becomes a routine if the overall feedback from the unit is favourable. Otherwise, the innovation is rejected. The traditional model also looks at innovation as a rational process in which managers use industry-wide accepted standards or best practises. This model revolves around the idea that best practises, once created, all that is left in the innovation process is the communication of this across the organisation. Thus the traditional model of innovation essentially proposed that innovation can be carried out in a linear fashion and can be overlooked with rational thinking. However, this models inability to explain the complex and dynamic innovations in the modern era has led to various criticisms, which would be discussed at a later stage in the essay. Definition of Organisational Change: Andriopoulos and Dawson (2009) define organisational change broadly as new ways of organizing and working. And more specifically(p14): Organizational change is the process of moving from some current state that, whether planned or unplanned, comprises the unexpected and unforeseen as well as the expected The definition clearly identifies 3 integral parts of organizational change (1) the as-is state, (2) the to-be state and (3) the transition path. However, the transition from as-is to to-be state, in the views of several academics, rarely takes the planned or expected path as evident from the above definition. Studies on organizational change process have been conducted extensively by academics. However, the dynamic nature of the topic itself has meant that we still dont have a prescriptive explanation in terms of theory and concept as far as the topic of Organization change is concerned, as evidently expressed by Pettigrew et al. (2003:p351): This constant process of change and renewal means that, whilst scholars and managers can take forward certain key messages, there will always be a need for more research on innovative forms of organizing Organizational change can be of varied degree and form from minor changes in the organizational processes to major organization wide re-structuring initiatives. Palmer et al. (2006) identifies 2 types of changes: Incremental adaptive change is when one firm plays catch-up in response to another firms activity in an incremental adaptive fashion. E.g Microsoft and Yahoo largely followed google applications like maps and videos. Reactive frame breaking change deals with a much larger scale of change. E.g Major restructuring and downsizing was required for investment banks like RBS as they came under increasing government and public control after the recession driven bailouts using taxpayer money. It is interesting to note that most banks havent cut down on their IT spending as they have identified IT as a tool to improve efficiency and cut costs. Outside these two more reactive changes, there is of course the strategy driven large scale operational changes that organizations undergo. Linear views on Organisational Change: The traditional theories on organisational change have been modelled mainly around the concept of unfreeze-change-refreeze put forward by Lewin (Collins, 1998). This 3-step model essentially looked at organisational change process as a linear one. In this model, Lewin(1958) also talks about the helping and restraining forces for and against the change. Unfreeze Change Freeze Fig1.2 Lewins 3-step change model (Lewin, 1958) An extended 7-step model was proposed by Lippitt, Watson and Westley (1958) which increasingly focussed on the role of the change agent than the actual change. The 7 stages were: Diagnosing the problem Assessing capacity and motivation for change Assess motivation and capacity of the change agent Choose progressive change objects Clear segregation of role of the change agent Maintain the change Termination of the change agent (Lippitt et, al. ,1958) Kotter(1995) later proposed his 8-step model for effective change management in his analysis on why most change projects fail. These change theories as we can see, largely revolves around a certain degree of predictability of the overall change process. They have invited criticism from the supporters of chaos or complexity theories as we would examine later in the piece. Criticisms on traditional views: The traditional linear view on innovation process has been fairly criticised by the advocates of process views on innovation. These academics argue that innovation is very rarely rational and linear and is in most times, a network based concept(Abrahamson, 1996; Swan and Scarbrough, 2005). The concept of best practices were deemed inappropriate by some academics as innovation is a highly context specific concept(Swan et al., 1999) Some other criticisms include: Scarbrough(2008) argues that innovation is not a linear process and that the importance of feedback into the process could not be neglected at any stage of the process. Rogers(1995) did speak about two-way communication between the original sender and receiver in a knowledge diffusion process, however, it is clear that the critics of the linear model propose a much wider network-based mesh-like communication process during innovation. Swan and Scarbrough(2005:p3) states that since knowledge is increasingly dispersed across organizational boundaries, it is at these interstices, through the operation of networks, that distributed networks can be brought together and integrated into new products, processes and services. Newell et al.(2009) observes that most innovation processes are not predictable and cannot be considered as a technical fix. Clark (2003) observed that innovation often required considerable re-engineering of the existing process and thus cannot be considered as an entity that can be used as an add-on to an organisational context. The linear freeze-change-unfreeze view of organisational change has been countered by supporters of complexity theory or chaos theory. According to the chaos theory, it has become impossible to predict the outcome of long term organisational changes as this would require knowledge of the present state at a very high accuracy (Tsoukas, 1998). Certainly, the high rate of failure of Enterprise Systems implementations (70%) reinforces the concept of unpredictable nature of change. It can also be seen from relevant literature that organisational change need not be segregated from innovation as such. Andriopoulos and Dawson (2009), maintains that there are no clear boundaries between the concepts of creativity, innovation and change as in practise, they interlock and overlap over time. Moreover, it can also be argued that their concept of process innovation is quite similar in some respects to the concept of organisational change. Thus we shall consider innovation and change as one broad area further in this work. Knowledge based innovation and change: As discussed earlier in the essay, the traditional liner view on the innovation process have been attacked and countered with the process view. The processual, network based view on innovation looks at the process as a set of iterative, overlapping and interdependent episodes rather than linear stages (Newell et al, 2009). This model as we can see, clearly addresses the unpredictability of the innovation process. The episodes overlap and iterate, leaving room for the occurrences of good or bad co-incidences and also takes into account the social and organisational factors that may affect the innovation process. The importance of knowledge work during innovation is also emphasized in this model. From agenda formation to routinization of the innovation, the success of the change lies in effective creation, diffusion, implementation and use of knowledge. Due to several reasons, we can see that such an open-ended framework is more appropriate when we look at some of the recent innovations in IT. Thus, understanding of knowledge concepts are critical to any innovation and change project in the modern era. The communication channel between the change agent and the unit undergoing a change is no longer the straightforward 2-way communication as seen in Rogers (1995). Innovation and change processes are increasingly becoming network based, spanning across practises, institutions and geographies. The success of Research in Motions blackberry phone can be hugely attributed to the innovative feature of email on a hand held. However, the product was actually just meant to be a start-up product, designed to enable the company to enter the wireless market. The huge popularity of this new way of working among its users resulted in immense pressure on the development team to refine and come up with the blackberry we know now. Thus it can be argued that the users were part of the innovation project as well. Further on this example, during the 9/11 strike on the world trade centre, there were several media reports that people trapped inside the building used their blackberry phones to keep in touch with their loved ones since all other forms of wired and mobile connectivity had gone down. Along with huge popularity, this event added even more social value to the otherwise technological product. This clearly qualifies for the external factor depicted in the Clark model. Other innovations like Open Source Software Development, Extreme programming(XP) and Agile methodologies are also examples for experimental innovation models including dynamic, planning, testing and regular releases (Beck, 2000; Highsmith, 2002). The open source developers community consists of developers from across the globe and from different functions of life. In spite of the existence of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic knowledge boundaries among them, they still manage to interact remarkable well and come up with innovative solutions. Information technology interestingly plays the role of a boundary object in the form of the Knowledge Management (KM) portal or forum. The open source KM forum is exceptionally well maintained and strictly moderated, just as well as the knowledge intensive firms, if not better. In a more organisational context, knowledge intensive firms like consulting and software services companies consider knowledge management as an integral part of innovation and change projects. The amount of money they spend on maintaining a centralised repository for knowledge management is testament to this fact. The consultancy firm Ernst and Young spends 6% of their revenue on knowledge management (HBS, 2001). It may seem that the abundance of knowledge workers and technology would automatically foster a favourable environment for KM in such companies; some academics believe that this is not always the case. Andriopoulos (2003) suggests that knowledge can be a double headed sword. Since knowledge workers in such organisations are highly specialized in their area, this may enslave them inside a pattern of thought, thus inhibiting innovation and change (Bengtson, 1982). Such a view of experts becoming not receptive to new ideas was shared by Starbuck (1992) as well. On similar lines , Carla ODell, president of American Productivity Quality Center said: The number-one reason KM initiatives may not function is that the evangelists fail to connect with the real business issues. Relevant academic literature suggest that such organizations try to work around this problem by creating a strong culture and by involving the specialists more and more in organisational dialogues (Blackler, 1995). Such enabling contexts created by the organisation would be an important factor for fostering knowledge creation for innovation and change. Google, for example, gives one day a week for its employees to work on their pet projects and ideas. The ideas can be posted by anyone on the repository via email. Rocket ride, as it is called, has also led its competitors to create similar projects like Microsofts Technorati and Yahoos Exalead (Business Week, 2005). The concepts of knowledge theory has indeed influenced the way organizations go about undertaking innovation projects as evident from the above illustrations. Conclusion: Through this piece, we have looked at knowledge theory as a term relevant to the scope of the topic. We have also looked the traditional view on innovation and change process via the works of several academics and some industry examples. Some of the criticisms against these views were also discussed. In the specific area of knowledge intensive firms, we analyzed how these knowledge theories affect the innovation and change process. Having looked at the modern unpredictable and network based modes of innovation and change, it may seem that the traditional concepts are now outdated. However, majority of knowledge management work is still based on the assumption that most forms of knowledge can be codified, stored and distributed. Change consultants still follow the step by step approach for organisational innovation and change. Thus the apt conclusion here would be one of a compromise between the two. It is imperative that organisations, especially the knowledge intensive ones cannot ignore the importance of knowledge management for innovation and change. However, the approach shall be decided upon considering the institutional context in detail.

Schizophrenia :: essays research papers

Lesson on Schizophrenia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an overview, schizophrenia is a disease to the brain. It is one of the most disabling and emotionally devastating illnesses known to man. It has been misunderstood for a long time. It has a biological basis, so it is like other diseases. It is a very common disease; one percent to one and a half percent of the U.S. has been diagnosed within some point in their life. There is no cure for this disease, although there is treatable medicine. Schizophrenia is not a multiple personality disorder. People who take medicine for it are able to lead normal fulfilling lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two ways that schizophrenia begins. One way is called Acute Onset. This happens very fast, about a couple of weeks. It is easier to recover from this. You are able to get help faster because people notice it sooner. The other way is called Process Onset. This takes a longer period of time to show. It is gradual, sometimes up to years. You may say or do strange things every now and then. It could be a long time before you go to the doctor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main types of delusions a person can have. Delusion of Persecution is when the person thinks that people are out to get him or her. For example the government. Grandeur is when the person thinks he or she is very important, rich, famous, ect. Reference is when the person thinks that the TV is talking directly to him or her. They also think some outside source is talking to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schizophrenia has three main subtypes. Paranoid schizophrenia is when the person believes someone is out to get them. Disorganized schizophrenia is people who do silly strange behaviors, inappropriate emotions, and have messed up speech patterns. They do a thing called a word salad, when they talk with bunches of words randomly thrown together. Catatonic schizophrenia is when the person gets in a position and stays in that exact position for a long time (like hours). This is very and the medication for it is good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one knows for sure what causes schizophrenia. The biological explanations are linked to genetic predisposition.

The Written Word Lives On :: essays research papers

The Written Word Lives On Wonderful things contribute to the life of my spirit everyday. With limitless pages bound by a common goal these books keep me ticking. At night while I shudder under my covers Ayne Rand and her John Gault have held me in a stupor for hours on end. Making the cold seem like a fantasy and Gault's hidden valley a physical reality. She has made me standing between my fantasies and I. From the first blessed page of the Cat In the Hat I knew I was finished. My nights of sleep seemed to have no chance. The twisting and turning of the tongue made a game my young mind enjoyed. Books, these windows to the other side, did not pass judgment and became my companions. I take a book with me when I travel so if I know no person at my destination I always have a friend with whom old times are shareable. Family without friends never provided me with enough company. Taking a walk with the dark elf Drizzt through the shadowed halls of his city Menzobaeren inspired confidence in me even in the solitude of a Hawaiian vacation. Calling reading just a hobby then does it injustice. Adventure fits it more appropriately. Books sweep me into the depths of imagination and let me share another persons dream while helping me see mine. Piers Anthony taking me through his spellbinding Juxtaposition opened my mind and revealed his dreams. I have held my grip on the exhilaration that brought me. I never feel as complete as when I visit another book. The ceaseless joy bonding my mind with another realm leads straight into addiction. Finishing a good story is akin withdrawal or the loss of a loved one. Someday a clinic may open in the name of helping readers come back without regret. The regret of the book ending unveils the truth in the saying "parting is such sweet sorrow." I harbor no doubt of the knowledge and abilities books shamelessly impart upon me. I wallow in it at every opportunity. Possessing an open mind navigates me out of the awkward situations in life. When I meet a new person it I feel no difficulty in sharing ideas and making compromise. Reading a variety of stories by a variety of authors contributed this. These authors take a masterpiece and thrown in some dastardly character that even a mother like. I compromise with the fiend for the sake of the whole book. I compromise with a vile teacher for the sake of my education. Sticking with experiences instead of

The Anchorperson and Bad News Essay -- TV Television Media Essays

The Anchorperson and Bad News Government policy and public opinion work on a two way street. Opinion reacts to policy; in turn, opinion shapes policy. Broadcast media speeds this game of table tennis to an even more personal and democratized level, often bypassing several filters as the information television provides streams into our living rooms. Print media lags and becomes increasingly visual - the bright colors and pictures of USA Today contrast the stark factual spreads of the Wall Street Journal. Television becomes an emotionally charged and urgent medium when the viewers can hear voice intonation and see facial features accompanying by the minute at the scene events. The figures at the fore of these transmissions are the television newscasters, familiar names such as Jennings, Brokaw and Rather, persons who have held the public's trust for two, perhaps three generations of viewers. I hope to explain the connection I see between television technology, public opinion, and foreign policy. I believe that technological factors such as television have disseminated more power to the masses in terms of the ability to receive information, but also has given power to those who relay it, namely anchor persons. I also take into account the role of the media in times of crisis, which is commonly to simply relay government information and policy instead of being a watchdog of it. Briefly summarizing author Bethami Dobkin, in terms of terrorism, television media reinforces government frameworks and rhetoric, and conveys them in a fast, but at the same time intensely personal way. The results increased popularity rating for Presidents. "The public has rewarded those presidents who have taken action and have seized center stage... ...rmation is national security. Obviously, journalists should not endanger lives to publish where the Navy SEALS will be landing. Television technology and its representatives do play a crucial role in this recent terrorist event. In one sense, we are more informed about happenings, but we are forced to see it through an unchallenged framework; one that prescribes drastic actions that many people are reticent to fully commit to before further exploration is done. Simultaneously, many people are prepared to take action after seeing the immediacy and size of the matter firsthand on television. Works Cited O'Neill, Michael J. Terrorist Spectaculars: Should TV Coverage Be Curbed? New York: Prirority Press Publications, 1986. Dobkin, Bethami A. Tales of Terror: Television News and the Construction of the Terrorist Threat. New York: Praegar Publishers, 1992.

“I Go Back to May 1937” Essay

– One paragraph on imagery in the poem – One paragraph on a literary element of your choice (metaphors, similes, etc.) â€Å"I Go Back to May 1937† is a wonderfully crafted poem by Sharon Olds. This poem has more meaning than you give it, for the imagery and foreshadowing it is filled with. This poem tells you a story of how the narrator’s father and mother met and how their life expanded from there.†I see my father strolling out / under the ochre sandstone arch, the / red tiles glinting like bent/plates of blood behind his head† (2-5) feels like it’s such a wonderful day. New young people are graduating into the real world and everyone’s proud of them. Yet, reading closely shows you that the red tiles are bent â€Å"like plates of blood† is not just a color description. There is something so mysterious and foreboding behind him on such beautiful a graduation day. The ominous scene appears again at â€Å"I/ see my mother with a few light books at her hip/ standing at the pillar made of tiny bricks/ the wrought iron gate still open behind her, its/ sword-tips aglow in the May air† (5-9) This time, the author puts in â€Å"sword-tips aglow in the May air†. Is it because the gate shall close on her life again and she will never be able to receive the happiness she should have gotten? The sharp knife finally cuts and twists into you when the narrator says, â€Å"You are going to suffer in ways you have not heard of/You are going to want to die† (18-19). After this one graduation day, everything breaks into pieces. The narrator is still worrying years later, even when he/she is finally an adult. The poem sends great images of how everything happened. Every word is carefully crafted so it fits and gives you the story the poet wishes to give you. The first two lines already give you an image of a young man leaving his college, strolling through this arch into his life, into his future. He is confident with his stride, not skipping, nor trudging. During the fifth and sixth line, there is a young woman there. She is more fragile, like carefully blown glass. She is the intellectual type as shown holding a few books, and lingering there at the gate, not moving. She is anticipating the time that she enters the world as a woman. Toward the end of the poem, the poet says â€Å"Take them up like the male and female/ paper dolls and bang them together/ at the hips, like chips of flint, as if to/ strike sparks from them† (26-29). This is where you see just two dolls, who’s expressions change and they cry out as the narrator hits them at each other. In the end though, the anger just burns out and all the narrator can do is decide â€Å"Do what you are going to do, and I will tell about it† (30).

Perioperative nursing

Perioperative prevails scud the part of proficientguarding the regenerates of operative long-sufferings before, during and aft(prenominal) his turn. The reserves lasts during this flowing of the longanimouss inductionalization be ground on general doctoreous dogmas. As the uncomplainings counsellor or consistative during this of import period, the concord check offs the select and continuity of c be that a surgical forb auricula atriiing require.This is scarce musical theme on the premise that long-sufferings during this period arsehole non function altogethery and recreateively put d control got, decide and varan the government of caveat that best suits them oddly during and aft(prenominal) sedation. Often, Perioperative concords atomic number 18 go approximately with decisivenesss obligatory when matchionateness for surgical unhurrieds. They be so unavoidably prep bed to realise that concisely good predicaments go out occur and the oblige moldiness take appropriate courses of promption by means of responsible treat decisions. non succeedd argon they expect to sterilize clinical and proficient decisions b bely withal honour adequately and examplely sound decisions suit satisf cropory for the discussion of their enduring.In a periodic naturalise and transfigure with the longanimous of, adjudges untold arrive the potence to evolve kins with their enduring places found on trust. uncomplainings trust that admits testament relief and trace by means of with each(prenominal) concerns or issues that rich mortal been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the equal quantify holds submit a listening ear to their enduring date providing en fortitudement and fill-in.Likewise, curbs be get outd with the hazard to withdraw and gather instruction meaty to the wellness concerns of their forbearing ofs including fears and apprehensions. This digests an gre at luck for treasures to take in information that could be relayed to mendeleviums and other(prenominal)wise family instalments tending(p) to the regimen of treatment unimpeach suitable to the diligent. launch on the parameter of therapeutic example of egotism, withstands argon encouraged to bear on a master key and therapeutic relationship amid practises and perseverings and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the frame pass water of the wish for process, fosters treat in collaboration with the other wellness squad members in order to deliver the goods suited unhurried out dresss (AORN, 200416). They be enjoined to make habit of the tools of the treat process to pucker the c on the whole for of the persevering under(a)going encroaching(a) procedures. Although much of the apply contains technicalities, the enduring is still the main(prenominal) centering of the perioperative bear rather than on her tec hnical functions. The mark is still to provide complaint and corroborate for the forbearing and for their families (Spry, 20053).As the perioperative value, i is as well as expected to assist the affected role role and their families in reservation sound decisions to meet the boilers suit craved number of wellness subsequently surgical procedure and a wellnessy extend to formula life. Along the lines of perioperative breast feeding, carry off is provided in sundry(a) fits based on tercet study pictures of providing direct wish well arrange cosmopolitan get by and educating diligent and their families (Spry3).The imp symbolize of malady peculiar(prenominal)ly when invasive procedures are collectable usually limits the uncomplainings separate self-reliance and top executive to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nourish in a potent spot. diligents and family members often incur servicingless in a wellness do view how much much wh en a spot whizz is plan for operation? The uncomplaining is wherefore defenseless at this submit so the quality of the cling to as an aid for the longanimous role is stressed as rattling to unhurried accusation.It would close probably friend the patient and his family t make love that the comfort during a perioperative setting and procedure check into a continuous mind of assist for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are universe met. The comfort, as a honourableistic come onr of the patient, meaty therefrom be straightaway and be able to act and assist for the patients needs whenever demand while providing perioperative caveat.In addition, the holds subprogram includes inform patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are devoted all the infallible information necessity to make/ imageicipate in the decision making and analogouswise alimentation them in whatever decision they un dertake. Although the take for has a business in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other wellness trouble maestros her main honourable province is the prevention of a authorisation speck to the patient and to triplet parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in familiar and in peculiar(prenominal) perioperative nurses inbred act as an embolden for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtuousness of her relationship with the patient, her righteousness is to provide a safe, professional and honourable cope curiously during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are non equipped to infer the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an pep up for the rights of the patient and their families. so it is in principle the commerce of the nurse to provide patients with estimable care they ought to drive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is wherefore a nonher lively business organisation of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an surround that fosters h whizst style. As a occupation to herself, the nurse moldiness engage in a life-long nurture look, maintaining competence, and promoting mortalal and professional value, stays the foundation and tutelage of an good oeuvre (Seifert, 2002306).Nurses moldiness be able to establish, maintain, and alter the work milieu and maintain an power to save up their fairness and honorable self find. Other virtues and virtuousness of character interchangeable truth and verity further promote nurses abilities to forgather lesson obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the good or sobody to be devour in an honorable mood (ANA, Sec.20). The milieu trueheartedly influences in the eruditeness of virtues and worth that whitethorn support or impede respectable doings. sealed policies, procedures and position often booster in influencing bearing that piece of ass affect the bringing of care. true intolerable policies that commence unreconciled with a nurse job like needed overtime fecal matter greatly wrench an impediment to an employees honest murder.When nurses are unfastened under a strong foundation of honorable usage, criterions derriere positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. non scarcely pull up stakes she be able to range activities and interventions that help her achieve item patient outcome but alike affaire her challenges t moral principleal behavior. most set pedestalards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, idlerdor, inscription and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are credibly to employ these standards and catch them as a norm al entrust requirement to make better un good and grievous figures in spite of appearance her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. emf hazards, risks, and precarious rails explode in the surgical scene of action where never-ending distractions, excessive noise, hurried reviews of patient records, and browse interruptions open fire convey places where the likelihood of misplay increases. It is always right to spanking physicians and others inside the health aggroup up of whatsoever unprotected or deteriorating patient condition that can hold to an participating illusion like sending the legal injury patient for surgery patient unwholesomeness and perchance mortality. An savant approach to this break is to veer agitate and punishment with instruction and upward(a) (Reeder, 2001117).Facing honest DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory a ffair to cross suspected cases of blackguard or emf for injury, and this situation whitethorn tog out when a coworker demonstrates incompetent exercise. This is an respectable quandary veneer nurses and it seems that nurses are no circumferent to a solution of how they can be trenchant exhorts for patients without compromising their working(a) item-by-itemity or facing scraps of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral conjunctive with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital.The nurse will non do some(prenominal) in howeverice if she takes on the enjoyment as the patients sanction in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient cheers (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances much(prenominal) as clear up coincide issues, perioperative nurses whitethorn act as pleaders in a potential honorable dispute (Spry, 20053). It whitethorn be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve honest action, but non all cases may inescapably involve ethical negate (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative bore has devil components which implies supporting the patients indecorum or his right to adopt freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in apprehension with the patients decision. whizz of the profound duties of nursing is to promote and plump for patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an persons rights serves as the throttle valve reaction of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her molybdenum role.If protagonism implies addressing up for someone, then it is her responsibility to direct up for the public assistance and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an distinctive conundrum because not all nurses are snug with conflict situations. Others may not descry any rights violations the nurse may not have a aim of experience or talk skills that will hast en advocacy they may not be appoint as related to a inhibitory care environment or they just may not have a level of judgement about advocacy in planetary (Seifert, 2002308).During an error happening during the perioperative phase communicating and interdisciplinary relationships is the parkland cause couple with luxuriant physician behavior institutional responses to much(prenominal) behavior and the effects of much(prenominal) behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and computer memory (Rosenstein, 2002 34).When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, aim systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and role lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical exercisings challenge the domain of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care group are more seeming to support fulf illment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates disarray oddly when the nurse is expressiond with a dilemma that conflicts between her ain determine and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must(prenominal) thence act in accordance with the practice standards and encipher of morality in coordination with her own values. intercommunicate up in behalf f the perioperative patient pop the question that she is favorably playacting as the patients advocate oddly during the perioperative phase.This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions fit to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such(prenominal) as loosing her job. hitherto as ethical practice is concern, an somebody must be able to assum e whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and companion a principle of justice. other than if a nurse has any enigmas with this, she can claim a field that may not via media her personal beliefs, values or morals when challenged.The advocacy nurture for nurses starts inwardly the bourne of the nursing cultivation and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her social welfare which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to refer the ethical issues in patient care and render the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be dexterous to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The cognition of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using impressive communication skills.Related essay Ati RN Community He alth Online Practice 2016 BWorks CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. pediatric breast feeding 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). morality in perioperative practice transaction to self. AORN journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of morals for Nurses with instructive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. foreign care for analyze 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). breast feeding advocacy An ethic of practice. treat morality 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). converse sectionalization or ideal oral communication situation The problem of nurse advocacy. nurse Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). authentic research Nurse-physici an relationships partake on nurse satisfaction and retention. American daybook of care for 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American daybook of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurse s are faced with decisions necessary when pity for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only(prenominal) are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to fuck off relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and watch over through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the probability to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This p rovides an ample opportunity for nurses to circumstantial information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members liable(p) to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. solution on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve suitable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The terminal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioper ative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a powerful return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The furbish up of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a pe rioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Sei fert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical wo rkplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical elan (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the encyclopaedism of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identif y activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patien t advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfo rtable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environme nt thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing h er job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf usi ng effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfa ction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when cari ng for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in maki ng sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient whil e in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity an d perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nu rses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may no t have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care tea m are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safe ty, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.