Advancements In Computers In The Last Ten Years Essays -

Advancements In Computers In The Last Ten Years Advancements in Computers in the Last Ten Years English 11 Hour 6 Mrs.Winn March 21, 2001 Lipske 2 Computers date back all the way to 300B.C. with the invention of the abacus. This was a calculating devise to do math and it made the people of that time lives a lot easier. That is what the computers of today do but so much more. I will start at the basics of computers while trying not to boar you. The first real computer that actually made calculations was the ENIAC that was made by the government in 1943. It costed $500,000, weighed over 30 tons, had 19,000 vacuum tubes, and consumed almost 200 kilowatts of electricity (computer chronicles 8). Now we have advanced to laptops that are one inch thick and 15 inches wide and can do a lot more than the ENIAC could. There have been thousands of advancements and new technology in computers in the last ten years but I am only going to skim the tip of the iceberg. In 1990, there were tons of new computers and new software but the big issues were the new processors that were super fast for their time. They could go at speeds up to 33mhz, which is how fast your computer brings things up on the screen. In 1991 Microsoft come out with a version 5.0 MS-DOS mode which gave computers more space to run their programs. Lipske 3 Also in 1991, Intel introduced a 50mhz microprocessor, which kill its other 33mhz processor of last year. Then a few months later MIPS Technologies come out with a 100mhz processor which started to make the processor group of the computer a very competitive area to come up with new technology for. In addition Hewlett-Packard Co. made the very first color scanner that could scan whatever you wanted and put it into your hard drive. 1991 was a big year for new technology in computers but thats not all. Pixar began to work with Walt Disney Company to make a film that was completely computer animated and eventually come up with the movie toy story. In 1992 there were three major changes in computers and the technology. First Microsoft stock reached a record high for a computer stock ever and peaked at $113 a share that year. Next Microsoft shipped its 3.1 version of window and it is a big hit and was the most abundant program on the earth. Next there was a big separation of powers that was IBM, Microsoft signed a divorce, and IBM became its own company. Lipske 4 1992 the divorce between Microsoft and IBM was the big factor of the year and you will see why in 1993. In early January of 1993, IBM reports a huge loss of $4.96 billion, which almost put the company down and out but not yet. Then in March of that year Intel came out with their fastest processor which was called the Pentium processor which ran at 200mhz. In 1993 you could see what a huge loss IBM took after getting away from the powerhouse called Microsoft. 1994 was a very slow year for all companies and technology for them. The only major thing that happened was Novell bought the Word Perfect Corporation for U.S. at $850 million. Also that the faster processor race was still on. 1995 was another big year especially for Microsoft. Microsoft releases Windows 95, which is the Windows that I am typing this on and in 95 was a break threw because of its graphics and easy use. Next Sony electronics releases PlayStation, which was built with a small computer in it for video games. Lipske 5 In addition, Apple computers released the first laser printer which was faster than the DeskJet printers and a was a better quality of clearness printed. 1995 became a really big year for the faster processor! 1996 was another slow year but the race for the faster processor was still on. However, there was one big push ahead with Microsoft making the Internet Explorer 3.0. Which mad the Internet at your own house organized and made a search engine. 1997 Microsoft bought WebTV for $425 million which made the Internet easy to use

RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay Example

RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay Example RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA Essay RELEVANCY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA By smzungu THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODERNIZATION THEORY IN ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES LIKE TANZANIA The term development is very broad and it has therefore brought many scholars in defining it. in economic view, Development can therefore be defined as the increase of level of economic development of a nation. This is looked upon by the economic indicators, for instance; income per capita, gross national product gross domestic product and the inflationary rates. So once these increase in a given country, it is said to have undergone economic development. However, this definition was further criticized by other scholars postulating that the perception on the income per capita is too general due to the fact that there are low class earners and high class earners in a given economy and all the economic indicators may be present but still no economic growth. Other scholars therefore came up other definitions on development. For instance, Walter Rodney who claimed that development can be defined on two ways; development in individual view of which he postulated that evelopment in an individual is the increased skill, capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well-being and a society that is developed is said to have increased capacity to regulate both internal and external relationships. Development can therefore be defined as an economy which has grown and has trickle down effect. That is to say a developed economy should have impact to the people. The modernization theory was developed in 1960. It comes from the capitalist point of view of development and it relates development with modernization. The theory states that a modern society is likely to archive economic development compared to a non-modernized society. A modern society is more productive due to the fact that children receive formal education, there is time consciousness and the needy receive more welfare. This is according to Smelters analysis. However, Coleman goes on saying that a modern society can be differentiated from a non-modernized society using three main features which are: differentiation of the political structure where the political components such as the executive, Judiciary and the parliament are independent and the decisions made annot be altered with by either of them. Secondly, secularization of political culture which refers to the freedom given to all the political parties and leaders to practice their political traditions and culture and finally there is the participation of the society in political systems. The theory further argues that development is a linear process and any society must go through some stages for it to develop. This is further supported by an American economist called Walt Whitman Rostow. Rostow was one 1960 which was like a modification of what Karl max did. He argues that in order for a ociety to undergo economic development, it has to undergo through five linear stages which are traditional society stage, pre-condition to take-off, take off stage, drive to maturity and mass consumption. it is therefore from these stages, we can conclude that a developed society is at the fifth stage of mass consumption. Rostow goes on saying that each stage has characteristics which a society in that stage is likely to undergo; For instance, the traditional society stage is the initial stage of development and every society underwent through this stage. It is generally characterized by low production due to poor technology. Agriculture is in existence but it is mainly subsistence, there are no classes since there is low population and people live in families. The economy in this stage is stagnant and there is no individual mobility. Pre-condition to take off is the second stage and Rostow has shown the characteristics of a society that is in this stage. He argued that external demands for raw materials for raw materials initiate changes, the technology begins to improve, the level of investment also increases, there is change in the social structure and individual mobility comes into existence. A society that is in this stage, has fulfilled the conditions to take off to the other stages. The take offstage is the third stage and is characterized by: manufacturing begins to rationalize and scale increases in a few leading industries as goods are for both export and domestic consumption. The production of secondary goods also increases than the production of primary goods, industries like the textile industries are the first to take off. Moreover, a society in the drive to maturity stage is characterized by the diversification of the industrial base, manufacturing shifts from investment driven owards consumer durable goods and domestic consumption, there is also rapid development of transport infrastructure and large scale investment in social infrastructure example schools and hospitals. Finally, the fifth stage is the mass consumption stage and is characterized by the industrial sector dominating the economy, there is a wide spread consumption of consumer goods and the consumers have more disposable income to purchase luxurious goods. The modernization theory is relevant and is therefore applicable in archiving development in the least developed countries like Tanzania. The underdeveloped countries should make efforts to adopt the characteristics mentioned in each stage by Walt Whitman Rostow to archive development thus the theory is applicable in the following ways: Diversification of the economy. This means that its not only one sector that is being depended in the economy but also other sectors. Tanzania depends on agriculture thus it is the one that dominates the economy. The industrial sector is still at a small scale comprised of small and medium industries most of them producing consumer goods. The agricultural sector being the core economic base of the country still, it is ot well mechanized due to the fact that most people still practice it for subsistence and the ones who practice for commercial purposes are faced by problems of lack of storage facilities, poor climatic conditions for instance most of the regions in Tanzania receive mean annual rainfall of about 800mm and it is not evenly distributed in the country. This makes the agricultural activities to be practiced seasonally hence there is no adequate supply. Tanzania therefore should not only the industrial sector, mining sector, tourism sectors and many others which can be of reat economic benefit to the country. Investment in the social infrastructure. Rostow claims that a society in the drive to maturity stage does much investment in the social infrastructure in there is adequate availability of health facilities, schools and so many others. Furthermore, Coleman stresses much on this by saying that a modern society is likely to achieve development due to the fact that there is the availability of formal education and the society receives more welfare. There to be modernized must therefore do much investment in the creation and distribution on the formal education. For instance the teacher to student ratio in the country is 49:1 of which its still very inappropriate to distribute education effectively. In addition, the number of health facilities in the whole country totaled up to 6321 which obviously the number is too small to cater for the very big population of the country, this shows how poor the country is in the distribution of the social welfare to its people. The improvement of the social infrastructure in Tanzania will therefore lead to a more educated and healthy population which would be much effective in the economic development of Tanzania. Development of economic infrastructure is another feature among the stages of economic development as mentioned by Rostow which Tanzania should also try to adopt so as to archive economic development. Economic development is much contributed for by a much developed transport system since it enhances the provision of goods and services as well as the raw materials needed in the manufacturing industries. The road transport system in the country is not much developed since it is not evenly distributed in the country and most of the roads do not reach the international standards. The airports are available but not with adequate planes to transport a variety of cargo to different parts of the world. This problem has contributed to a slow development of industries in the country as well as less exportation to other countries thus making the country to import more hence making the trade terms unbalanced. Therefore, Tanzania must improve its transport infrastructure so as to enable it be among the developed countries in the world. Smelters analysis entails that a developed country is characterized by the secularization of the political system in which the politicians and their respective arties are allowed to practice their political traditions and cultures. Evidently, this is common in most European countries. Tanzania is a multiparty country but the dominant party is the CCM which has been in leadership for so many decades now. Mostly there has been controversies and every party has its own thing to say and these differences have far much contributed ineffective working of the political leaders because they have to work as per the traditions of the political party in reign this limits the decision making of the leaders of which some could be of much importance to the economic development in the country. Tanzania should therefore practice secularization of its political system so as to reach Rostows highest stage of development. Finally, increase in the level of investment especially in the production of capital goods than the consumer goods. as per the statistics in from the Tanzania Bureau of Statistics, the countrys largest exports are coffee , cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, cloves, diamonds, gold, tobacco and tea. The country imports large quantities building and construction materials, machinery and transport equipment. It is from goods which are very much costly. Rostow argues that in the third and fourth stage of evelopment, the society invests much in industries and the level of industrial growth increases. Therefore, for Tanzania to improve its economy must invest on the import substitution industries which would deal in the production of the capital goods instead of importing them thus saving costs which can later be used to upgrade the living standards of the people in the country. In conclusion, the modernization theory as we have seen is relevant in describing development In different economic societies, the characteristics mentioned in each stage by Rostow, when they are implied, a country will definitely undergo economic development since ach one of them is designed to tackle issues which hinder development in many countries in the world. Most of the developing countries face problems like dis economies of scale, imbalanced terms of trade and so many others of which the solutions towards them are clearly explained in the modernization theory; this shows its applicability in the achievement of development in the least developed countries like -ranzanta. REFERENCES: 1. Walter Rodney. How Europe Undeveloped Africa Tanzania Bureau of Statistics. (Google. com) 2. World Bank Annual Report. (Google. com) 3. UNICEF Tanzania (Google. com) 4.

Columbus's First Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Columbus's First Journal - Essay Example It is from this statement by Hulme that this discussion is based and is intended to analyze the generic shape of Columbus first journal in regard to characteristics of a personal memoir, ethnographic notebook as well as a ‘compendium of European fantasies about Orient’. Discussion The 1492 saw Christopher Columbus plan and embark on a voyage to the Far East, which was later to gain popularity among historians and anthropologists as the great first voyage in Columbus life. In the light of understanding the objectives and purposes of the journal as is fondly, known ‘Columbus first Journal’ different literature has been written and studied. As against the common notion in which the exploratory expeditions of Columbus are often understood in, the first journal brings to light the great forces that entangled and dictated Columbus to undertake such a voyage as in 1992. It is worth noting that he was under the influence of the crown and religion as he embarked on t he voyages where the crown power required discoveries of new land for conquest and resource exploitation while the religious influence awaited such discoveries for expansion of religious influence. ... Despite the fact that the original form in which the first journal was written is not traceable to date, the truncated forms of the original documents gives great information on the details to the voyage. It is within the journal that the history of the first impression and culture that Columbus presented to the natives of the Far East and how it failed to live to Columbus’ expectations is revealed. This explains the creation of the myths surrounding the founding of the ‘new world’ as have been propelled down generational lines up to date2. It is worth noting that despite the fact that the history is seen through the eyes of Columbus as presented within the historical writings, Columbus had other people who accompanied him when in the voyage. The personnel who accompanied him in the expeditions had specific roles for which they were accountable to the crown as well as the church. They were obligated to keep Columbus under watch in order to honor the contractual ag reements to which the voyages were set. The original journal was written in first person reporting voice to imply that the author collects and puts together the accounts in detail of the first voyage as revealed by the original documents that were recorded by Columbus and the team. It gives a detailed report of the stage-by-stage or day to day exploration expeditions. It starts from the day that the sailors set off on third of August, which was on Friday 1492 and gives the account of every day as was spent before they safely landed back on fifteenth of March at the port where they had taken sail at for the expedition3. As a personal memoir or better enough a daily diary, the journal as presented contains the

Countrywide Financial

Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Course:| MAN3065| | Team or Group #:| 8| Date submitted:| 02/27/13| Reference#:| 726077| | Term:| 2012-2| | Days:| M & W| | Time:| 7:05pm – 8:20pm| | Prof: | Hoa N. Burrows, CPA| Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Questions: 1. Are subprime loans an unethical financial instrument, or are they ethical tools that were misused? We believed subprime loans are ethical tools that were misused.Subprime loans involve â€Å"lending to borrowers, generally people who would not qualify for traditional loans, at a rate higher than the prime rate† (Ferrell et al 385) meaning that it is a financial instrument in which borrowers benefit from accessing capital that otherwise would have been denied to them, and financial institutions benefit from charging a higher interest. What made subprime loans so attractive was the fact that it enabled low-income individuals and minorities (no qualifies for regular loans) to have access to home ownership.In the right hands, in the right time, a subprime loan could signify an important tool for different minorities to improve the quality of their lives by obtaining financing for more than just home mortgages but also school tuition, for example (Iacono). However, as the Countrywide Financial case illustrates, there is wide misuse of this tool by institutions that engage in indiscriminate lending for the sake of short-term profits at the risk of major financial downturn, as in the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Ferrell et al 388) Moreover, while lending money to low-income and minority families justifies a higher interest rate due to the risk of debt default, lending money to families that would very unlikely be in the capacity to fully repay their mortgage is a threat to both the financial institution – who would had lost the invested money – and the borrowers who would be forced to face foreclosure; but even more threatening were the endless securities backed on these subprime loans, whose real risk were only known by Countrywide Financial.By deciding to lend money indiscriminately, this company ended up misusing a financial instrument that would have otherwise brought on progress for its customers and the company itself. 2. Discuss the ethical issues that caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial Different ethical issues caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial including unethical actions of both the company and the borrowers. Firstly, Countrywide Financial misused the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM): Borrowers were told that they would not get negatively affected with an increasing interest rate as the value of their property would increase accordingly.Nonetheless, when the recession came many of these borrowers discovered they were unable to pay. (Ferrell et al 386). Secondly, between many of the accusations against Countrywide, two of the main ones were that â€Å"real estate appraisers began to inflate the value of homes to ens ure that loans would go through. † (Ferrell et al 387), and that they had a special VIP discount mortgage programs for high-end well qualified individuals who had no need for discounts, called â€Å"Friends of Angelo†, Angelo Mozilo’s – Countrywide Financial CEO -friends including Senator Charles E. Schumer and Representative Henry A.Waxman. (Ferrell et al 390) Fourthly, Countrywide Financial was negligent in knowingly â€Å"giving out highly risky loans to people who could not afford them for the sake of quick profit† (Ferrell et al 389) which also brought out the question of whether the company was also involved in predatory lending – misleading its borrowers. (Ferrell et al 389) On the other hand, borrower’s actions were also unethical as it was proven they were dishonest in their loan applications: â€Å"90% of liar loan applicants knowingly overstated their income, with three out of five overstating it by at least 50%. However th is fact only seems to prove that Countrywide was helping borrowers falsifying information in order to secure the loan. (Ferrell et al 389) 3. How should Bank of America deal with potential ethical and legal misconduct discovered at Countrywide Having acquired Countrywide Financial’s debt and bad reputation, Bank of America should focus on disconnecting itself from previous affiliates that were a part of the former company during their financial meltdown, such as ex CEO Angelo Mozilo, ex COO David Sambol, and ex CFO Sieracki (Ferrell et al 392).In addition to this they should make sure that the required information is being promptly provided to pertaining authorities. Moreover, Bank of America should ensure that a proper risk management policy is set up, continuing as well with programs to ease loan terms and prevent borrowers from losing their homes, such as the Countrywide Comprehensive Home Preservation Program which helped consumers refinance their debt. Ferrell et al 388) In conclusion, Bank of America should continue with their current actions whilst making sure the authorities are getting the information necessary to reach the bottom of what really happened at Countrywide Financial, and thus prevent this situation from ever happening again. . Works Cited Ferrell, O. C. , John Fraedrich and Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason: South-Western, 2011. Iacono, Tim. â€Å"Iacono Research†. One-Third of Student Loans Are Subprime Loans. 04 02 2013. 22 02 2013 .

McKinsey case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

McKinsey case study - Essay Example An organization can get competitive advantages in the market than other competitors by applying knowledge management efforts. It also helps to do more improved and innovative performance. Sharing of knowledge is a major part of knowledge management system which can overlap the traditional learning procedure. In this regard SECI model can be used by any organization to handle its knowledge management system in a better way. The model is mainly focusing on the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. In this model four modes of knowledge conversion are identified. These modes are Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization (Becerra-Fernandez and Leidner, 2008). This model is describes as follows. 1. Socialization [Tacit to Tacit] – In this mode knowledge is passed on through practice, observation, guidance and imitation. Tacit knowledge is such kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by verbalizing it or by means of writing it down. Here social interaction is an example of tacit to tacit knowledge transfer system. Sharing knowledge through face to face or through experience both come under this mode. Meeting, conference etc are the examples of socialization in which people can get knowledge through sharing experiences. This kind of knowledge sharing system is time and space specific and also difficult to formalize. 2. Externalization [Tacit to Explicit] – In this mode tacit knowledge is transformed or coded into manuals or documents so that it can distribute in a easier way throughout the organization. Every employee of a certain organization can get access of knowledge through this system. Here tacit knowledge is coded into explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge means such kind of knowledge that is codified, articulated, expressed, stored in certain media and readily transmitted to

Epidemiology of Bio-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Epidemiology of Bio-Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism donned a new role and it took the form of bio-terrorism in which hazardous chemicals were used to attack people. Anthrax was the first material used in bio-terrorism. (Grey, 2006). The article provides a complete picture of the stages in which anthrax affects a person. But the article fails to explain the methods adopted by the terrorists who perform this task. The epidemiological framework consists of various methods and modules. During the 1800’s and 1900’s, people in America were affected by Bacillus Anthracis. People who were in direct contact with the animal products and its related industries were the only victims. (Jernigan, 1996). In the mid-1900’s, America saw the first case of inhalational anthrax. In this case, anthrax was purposely used to attack a person. People who came in direct contact with it were affected by this bacterium. People who worked in the postal department were most prone to getting affected by this disease. The patient’s clinical data was collected and tested and the reports confirmed that these people were affected by inhalational anthrax. (Koehler, 2003). It is one of the epidemic diseases and each of the affected patient’s exhibited different symptoms but most of them had fever, chills and fatigue. The patients were treated with median incubation after which they were given certain antibiotics. Pleural effusion was the common problem in all the patients who were affected by anthracis. Though antibiotics were given, some of them showed no signs of improvement. (Guillemin, 2004).The complication depended on the case history of the patients. Inhalational anthrax affected the chest of the person who inhales it. It was a common phenomenon and chest x-ray of the patients revealed certain abnormalities in the chest. Though the counts of white blood corpuscles of most of the patients were normal, they showed some

Yoga As A Health Benefit

Yoga As A Health Benefit The classical techniques of Yoga date back more than 5,000 years. While Yoga has been used in India for centuries to treat disease, only recently has there been scientific evidence and growing interest in the benefits of therapeutic yoga as a specialty treatment which combines postures, breathing exercises, mindfulness, and meditation. The cross-fertilization of Western science with ideas from ancient Eastern wisdom systems has been adding scientific legitimacy to the discipline of yoga over the last few decades. Medical professionals and scientists are pursuing yoga-related research, focusing on its potential to prevent, heal, or alleviate specific conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, carpal tunnel syndrome, asthma, diabetes, and symptoms of menopause, and its benefits as a technique for relieving stress and coping with chronic conditions or disabilities. Evidence-based publications report on clinical benefits associated with yoga, including reaction time, respirat ory endurance, proprioception, and other physiological and psychological effects. Mudras (yoga for the hands) are defined as hand gestures that are historically grounded in the ancient Indian arts and sciences. Referring to gestures or attitude, the science of yoga describes mudras as a means to control or alter the mood by reorienting or focusing the flow of prana (vital spiritual energy) in desired directions or concentrating it at specific places within the body. Modern yoga literature explains Mudras as seals or circuit bypasses for energy currents. Mudras can be used to improve hand strength and flexibility after injury because they are a simple, portable, enjoyable, and economic exercises and research shows that regular yoga practice can be used to improve overall body strength and flexibility. Some of what is taught by yoga teachers in classes, books and journals defies modern understanding of anatomy and physiology or is grounded in metaphysics that is off-putting or virtually incomprehensible. But now, scientists are able to look at the body and brain with increasing precision, detecting subtle changes that practitioners of yoga and meditation undergo. The majority of scientific research on yoga takes place in India and is very difficult to access in the United States. Because few yoga studies were previously conducted in the West, most American scientists dismissed Indian yoga research due to methodological problems, such as a lack of control groups in the studies. The methodology has improved significantly and it can be argued that currently, many Indian yoga studies are superior to many of those conducted in the West. Given the Western allopathic model, translating the information using the language and perspective of science as much as possible is recommended to demo nstrate to physicians and other health care professionals how therapeutic yoga can benefit patients. As yoga moves deeper into the mainstream, and as research dollars for complementary and integrative health systems increase, the number of yoga practitioners and health professionals are increasing. The number of randomized clinical trials is growing as well. Improved study designs are being used both in India and the United States. In just the last few years, research has documented the efficacy of yoga for such conditions as back pain, multiple sclerosis, insomnia, cancer, heart disease, and even tuberculosis. The 2008 Yoga in America study shows 15.8 million people currently practice and also revealed an upward trend in the therapeutic medical use of yoga. According to the study, nearly 14 million Americans reported a doctor or therapist recommending yoga to them. Nearly half of all adults agreed that yoga would be a beneficial treatment for a medical condition. Yoga as medicine represents the next great yoga wave, says Kaitlin Quistgaard, editor in chief of Yoga Journal. In the n ext few years, we will be seeing a lot more yoga in health care settings and more yoga recommended by the medical community as new research shows that yoga is a valuable therapeutic tool for many health conditions. There are 112 clinical trials utilizing yoga currently listed on the National Institutes of Health web site. These involve numerous medical conditions including arthritis, fibromyalgia, cancer, chronic neck pain, chronic back pain, asthma, kyphosis, etc. The individual trials are being conducted at medical centers across the country and involve thousands of patients. Evidence regarding the medical benefit of yoga shows mixed results. There are several reasons for this, including funding obstacles. The biggest challenge yoga studies face is that given the best intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of yoga as an exercise therapy. Yoga is not easily fit into the form of study that is most often used to prove effectiveness, the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. While it is possible to design a placebo form of study, it would be exceedingly difficult to conceal from participants and researchers the practice of real yoga versus an inauthentic version. It is inevitable that some compromise with the research standards is required, and the compromise used in most studies is not ideal. Oftentimes, the practice of yoga is compared to no treatment. The problem with such studies is that a treatment, any treatment, frequently appears as better than no treatment due to multiple factors. A better trial design would be compare yoga practice to a generic form of exercise, such as daily walking. To date, this design has not been commonly implemented. Hatha yoga has been studied in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. In one study, forty-two individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly assigned to receive either yoga instruction or a wrist splint for a period of eight weeks. The results indicated that yoga was more effective than the wrist splint. The study results were soundly criticized due to a serious design flaw as participants in the control group were simply offered the wrist splint and given the choice of using it or not. Critics stated they would have preferred for subjects to have received options such as fake laser acupuncture or phony yoga postures rather than nothing. Experience from numerous studies shows that when people believe they are receiving an effective treatment, they report improvement regardless of the nature of the treatment. The School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania used yoga to treat a group of patients with osteoarthritis of the hands. The treated group improved significantly more than the control group in pain during activity, tenderness, and finger range of motion. The randomized controlled clinical trial, published in the Journal of Rheumatology in 1994, concluded, This yoga-derived program was effective in providing relief in hand osteoarthritis. Further studies are needed to compare this with other treatments and to examine long-term effects. In another small study published in the British Journal of Rheumatology, it was found that a three-month program of gentle asana and breathing techniques resulted in improved grip strength in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. As an interesting note, Robin Monro, PhD, of the London Based Yoga Biomedical Trust found that that all patients wished to continue the practice after the study was finalized. Yoga poses called asanas work by safely stretching muscles. This releases lactic acid that builds up with muscles use and causes stiffness, tension, pain, and fatigue. In addition, yoga increases the range of motion in joints. It may also increase cellular joint lubrication. The outcome is a sense of ease and fluidity throughout the body. Yoga stretches not only muscles, but the bodys soft tissues as well, including ligaments, tendons, and the fascia sheath surrounding muscles. Vigorous exercises and precise alignment poses can provide strength and endurance benefits. Some yoga styles use specific meditation techniques to quiet the constant mind chatter that often underlies stress. Other yoga styles use deep breathing techniques to focus the mind on breath. Once focused, the mind settles down and becomes more calm and quiet. Yogas anti-stress benefits may include a reduction in catecholamines, the adrenal gland stress hormone. Another benefit of yoga is its unique way of massaging th e internal glands and organs of the body in a thorough way, including those such as the prostate gland that are rarely stimulated externally. Massage and stimulation of the organs can serve to prevent and also provide early forewarning of disease. A practicing physician for over twenty years, in his book Yoga as Medicine, David Coulter, MD, says that yoga is the most powerful system of overall health and well-being he has ever seen. He describes it as a single comprehensive system that, among other things, has been shown to increase strength, flexibility, and balance, enhance immune function, lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels, facilitate weight loss, strengthen bones, prevent injuries as well as improve psychological well-being. As the major blockages of physical and energy flows are removed through the practice of yoga asanas, pranayama and bandhas, it is believed that advanced practitioners utilize Mudras to effect extraordinary self-control of prana in the brain and the central nervous system. Swami Satyanand Saraswati observed that Mudras provide a means to access and influence the unconscious reflexes and primal, instinctive habit patterns that originate in the primitive areas of the brain around the brain stem. They establish a subtle, non-intellectual connection with these areas. Each Mudra sets up a different link and has a correspondingly different effect on the body, mind and prana. Echoing that concept is a recent study sponsored by the NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), in collaboration with the Hofstra University School of Medicine and San Diego State University, which showed sign language being largely processed in the same brain regions as spoken lang uage, including the inferior frontal gyrus in the front left side of the brain and the posterior temporal region toward the back left side of the brain. Dr. Braun believes that developing a better understanding of brain systems supporting gestures and words may also help in the treatment of some patients with aphasia. The palms and fingers of the hands contain an abundance of nerve endings, which continually emit bioelectric energy. Touching or pressing specific points on the fingers and the thumb folded in specific manner activates specific nerve or nerve bundles thus triggering specific signals. This is what makes certain Mudras suitable for enhancing mental and physical effects. The importance of specific points and portions of hand (and other parts of the body) can also be seen in healing effects of acupressure on the physical body. The advanced effects of yoga and of Mudras in particular are associated with mental refinement, deep meditation and spiritual conditioning. Even for beginning practitioners, Mudras utilized as physical exercises can increase manual dexterity and can be effective for stretching and maintaining hand mobility. Exactly when and where systematized and stylized gestures originated remains a mystery, however almost all ancient cultures made use of hand signs in one way or another. Mudras, or hand gestures, were employed in early religion, rhetoric, art, social gatherings and by trade guilds. The Comacines, the builders of Europes finest cathedrals, and the trade guild known as the Dionysiac Artificers who were responsible for the construction of ancient buildings and structures, all made use of hand signs as a system of communication and protection of their conclaves or secret meetings against unauthorized entry. In Hinduism and Buddhism, hundreds of Mudras were used in yogic practice for ceremonies, drama, and dance. Most of these were symbolic in nature, but others had metaphysical virtues. There are literally hundreds of Mudra-gestures formed by the ancient yogis and sages. They are all based on four basic hand positions: the open palm, the hollowed palm, the closed fist, and the hand with fingertips together. Cheironomy is the term used to denote the study of ritualistic hand gestures and spontaneous movements in directing vocal music. This primarily refers to esoteric symbolism and certain forms or gestures and signs used in religious rites. The religious ceremonies of many ancient cultures considered gestures vital as they were believed to contain powers to call upon the gods, to unfold powers, and to affect surroundings. In occultism, each hand gesture embodies a particular significance and force. Ancient Egyptians regarded even the pictorial representations of their pharaohs as highly potent. Whether creating statutes or depicting pharaohs in murals, the artists were careful to represent Mudras accurately, fearing harsh consequences for misrepresentation. Mudras also play an important role in the Indian Classical Dance. There are single hand gestures, called Asamyukta Hastah, which can be performed by either the right hand only or the left hand only or by both hands simultaneously without combining the two hands. The gestures formed by uniting both hands are called Samyukta Hastah. According to the ancient scripture Abhinaya Darpana (Nandikeshwara) there are twenty-eight single hand gestures and twenty-four united hand gestures. These hand gestures or Mudras are frequently used in the Indian Classical Dance known as Bharatanatyam. There are Mudras which represent all the Gods and Goddesses (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Saraswati, Lakshmi, etc.), the four different castes (Brahmana, Kshatriya, etc.), different relations (Mother, daughter, etc.), the nine the nine planets (Sun, moon, etc.), rivers (Ganga, Yamuna, etc.), animals (Lion, deer, etc.) and many others. There are numerous publications that identify the clinical benefit of yoga practice for various medical conditions, including oncology, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, these publications do not specifically report on the upper extremity sensorimotor, musculoskeletal, or neurophysiological results for hand therapy patients. As hand therapists are becoming more aware of the importance and value of respiration, core body strength, and posture to upper extremity function, the incorporation of hand Mudras could provide an integrated approach that broadens the treatment repertoire. On a tissue-specific level, differential tendon gliding, nerve gliding, and proprioception could be facilitated within a calming and holistic context using Mudras. It is well known that movement distributes lubricating synovial fluid, continually secreted into the joint by its synovial lining, over the surface of the cartilage that caps the bones. When the cartilage is well lubricated, the joi nt surfaces glide more easily across each other, reducing wear and tear. Joint movement also helps bring nutrients into cartilage, which lacks its own blood supply. Cartilage acts as a sponge that gets squeezed by movement. Stale synovial fluid, depleted of nutrients, is expressed thus allowing a fresh supply to soak in from the joint when the compression is released. Areas of the joint surface that are rarely used because they are outside the normal grooves of movement fail to get the nutrients they need and over time tend to degenerate. The practice of Mudras can be used to stimulate these little-used surfaces, a prime example of the use it or lose it theory. Mudra exercises can be individually tailored following injury to target specific muscles for the purpose of reducing stress, increasing range of motion, reducing pain, and increasing flexibility and strength. And experts in therapeutic yoga point out that individualizing a treatment approach is oftentimes vital in achieving a success outcome. In addition to working directly with specific injuries or medical conditions, yoga therapists also emphasize the role in healing that mindfulness and awareness the body plays. It can be been argued that tension held in the body often originates in the mind and must be dealt with there first. It is common knowledge that stress contributes to the development and prolongation of many medical conditions, which in turn can delay healing. Experts have noted that while a complaint may show up, for example, as a wrist disorder, effective treatment requires consideration of the upper extremity and torso as well as the role the mind plays in the condition. As part of medical treatment, Yogic philosophy would take into consideration posture, alignment, communication, and the effects of stress on the disorder. There will probably never be scientific validation for each style of yoga or Mudra practice, much less all the possible combinations. As B.K.S. Iyengar says Words fail to convey the total value of yoga. It has to be experienced. Some of yogas aims, like equanimity and compassion, are difficult if not impossible to quantify. And while the current scientific evidence is not robust by Western standards, the growing body of evidence that does exist should not be ignored. We must take some of what we know about yoga on faith-not a faith based on blind acceptance of doctrine, but one grounded in everyday experience. Much more research is needed, with studies being designed to take advantage of potentially beneficial interventions. Strategies that maximize compliance among subjects at greater risk for low adherence will be important for future trials, especially complementary treatments requiring greater effort than simple pill-taking. Carefully exploring the vast universe of yogic healing can provide affordable access to compelling new models of balance and wholeness. Taking a new approach, the middle ground between uncontrolled observations and reductionist philosophy may provide overall greater value to patients. In this age of health care reform it becomes imperative to add to the body of knowledge through not only randomized controlled trials, but through studies of screening and diagnostic tools based on Eastern systems of medicine and allied health sciences, outcome studies, cost effectiveness analyses, case-control series, and surveys with high response rate. As a therapeutic modality, yoga continues to show great potential for widespread use. The boundaries are still fluid, however provided that scientists, yoga therapists and physicians continue to communicate and learn from each other, the use of yoga practice and Mudras can expand as an noninvasive and effective means to improve strength and flexibility following injury.

Countrywide Financial

Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Course:| MAN3065| | Team or Group #:| 8| Date submitted:| 02/27/13| Reference#:| 726077| | Term:| 2012-2| | Days:| M & W| | Time:| 7:05pm – 8:20pm| | Prof: | Hoa N. Burrows, CPA| Countrywide Financial: The Subprime Meltdown Questions: 1. Are subprime loans an unethical financial instrument, or are they ethical tools that were misused? We believed subprime loans are ethical tools that were misused.Subprime loans involve â€Å"lending to borrowers, generally people who would not qualify for traditional loans, at a rate higher than the prime rate† (Ferrell et al 385) meaning that it is a financial instrument in which borrowers benefit from accessing capital that otherwise would have been denied to them, and financial institutions benefit from charging a higher interest. What made subprime loans so attractive was the fact that it enabled low-income individuals and minorities (no qualifies for regular loans) to have access to home ownership.In the right hands, in the right time, a subprime loan could signify an important tool for different minorities to improve the quality of their lives by obtaining financing for more than just home mortgages but also school tuition, for example (Iacono). However, as the Countrywide Financial case illustrates, there is wide misuse of this tool by institutions that engage in indiscriminate lending for the sake of short-term profits at the risk of major financial downturn, as in the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Ferrell et al 388) Moreover, while lending money to low-income and minority families justifies a higher interest rate due to the risk of debt default, lending money to families that would very unlikely be in the capacity to fully repay their mortgage is a threat to both the financial institution – who would had lost the invested money – and the borrowers who would be forced to face foreclosure; but even more threatening were the endless securities backed on these subprime loans, whose real risk were only known by Countrywide Financial.By deciding to lend money indiscriminately, this company ended up misusing a financial instrument that would have otherwise brought on progress for its customers and the company itself. 2. Discuss the ethical issues that caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial Different ethical issues caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial including unethical actions of both the company and the borrowers. Firstly, Countrywide Financial misused the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM): Borrowers were told that they would not get negatively affected with an increasing interest rate as the value of their property would increase accordingly.Nonetheless, when the recession came many of these borrowers discovered they were unable to pay. (Ferrell et al 386). Secondly, between many of the accusations against Countrywide, two of the main ones were that â€Å"real estate appraisers began to inflate the value of homes to ens ure that loans would go through. † (Ferrell et al 387), and that they had a special VIP discount mortgage programs for high-end well qualified individuals who had no need for discounts, called â€Å"Friends of Angelo†, Angelo Mozilo’s – Countrywide Financial CEO -friends including Senator Charles E. Schumer and Representative Henry A.Waxman. (Ferrell et al 390) Fourthly, Countrywide Financial was negligent in knowingly â€Å"giving out highly risky loans to people who could not afford them for the sake of quick profit† (Ferrell et al 389) which also brought out the question of whether the company was also involved in predatory lending – misleading its borrowers. (Ferrell et al 389) On the other hand, borrower’s actions were also unethical as it was proven they were dishonest in their loan applications: â€Å"90% of liar loan applicants knowingly overstated their income, with three out of five overstating it by at least 50%. However th is fact only seems to prove that Countrywide was helping borrowers falsifying information in order to secure the loan. (Ferrell et al 389) 3. How should Bank of America deal with potential ethical and legal misconduct discovered at Countrywide Having acquired Countrywide Financial’s debt and bad reputation, Bank of America should focus on disconnecting itself from previous affiliates that were a part of the former company during their financial meltdown, such as ex CEO Angelo Mozilo, ex COO David Sambol, and ex CFO Sieracki (Ferrell et al 392).In addition to this they should make sure that the required information is being promptly provided to pertaining authorities. Moreover, Bank of America should ensure that a proper risk management policy is set up, continuing as well with programs to ease loan terms and prevent borrowers from losing their homes, such as the Countrywide Comprehensive Home Preservation Program which helped consumers refinance their debt. Ferrell et al 388) In conclusion, Bank of America should continue with their current actions whilst making sure the authorities are getting the information necessary to reach the bottom of what really happened at Countrywide Financial, and thus prevent this situation from ever happening again. . Works Cited Ferrell, O. C. , John Fraedrich and Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason: South-Western, 2011. Iacono, Tim. â€Å"Iacono Research†. One-Third of Student Loans Are Subprime Loans. 04 02 2013. 22 02 2013 .

The Applied Management Project Education Essay

This faculty should be completed at the terminal of the taught portion of your programme. It is assumed that you have successfully completed the first two semesters of survey and hence have a thorough appreciation of the taught elements of the programme. You will be expected to pull on the acquisition that you have achieved in the taught faculties. The Applied Management Project is the concluding assessed piece of work of the Masterss ‘ programme. It is designed to imitate a realistic direction state of affairs, giving you the chance to show your ability to utilize the cognition and accomplishments acquired through the taught component of the class. The intent is to convey together the taught elements of the programme, re-enforcing their relationships enabling you to travel from the apprehension of a distinct cognition base to synthesizing and researching new countries in more item. It simulates the working environment where persons are invariably required to unite cognition in different ways and increase their understanding in different countries. The AMP gives you the chance to show your cognition and apprehension of concern. The purposes of this faculty are to enable you to take the cognition apprehension and accomplishments you have been developing in single faculties and utilize them in a complex, multifunctional state of affairs. explicate a job place information demands retrieve information synthesise information bring forth originative solutions bring forth a well argued and supported study in response to the job identified work efficaciously in a group work efficaciously in a clip constrained state of affairs reflect on the acquisition achieved through the procedure It is the vehicle through which you as a Masterss pupils can demo that you are able to work at Masters degree every bit defined in the University ‘s degree M form: Students ‘should be working within complex, unpredictable and usually specialised Fieldss demanding advanced work which involves researching the current bounds of cognition ‘ .2. How it worksYou must organize groups of 8 to get down the work. You may take your ain groups to work with, but the duty is yours. Each group should incorporate pupils from the same award programme although pupils of â€Å" Business and Management † may take to work with any other group, or may organize a group within their ain programme. You will be given a concern scenario, together with a little figure of chosen articles to read. This battalion of information will consist a job, issue or country of probe. The undertaking of your squad is to make up one's mind on the issues, formulate the job and place information demands to cover with the issues identified. We call this â€Å" Enquiry Based Learning † as you will be set uping yourselves exactly what to look into. Your group will so put out to roll up the information that you have identified as necessary. You should portion the information between the group members, as it is intended that the research procedure will be extended. Following aggregation of the informations by the group, you will compose a 12,000 words ( A ± 5 % ) study. This MAIN REPORT is INDIVIDUAL. Students are expected to utilize the information gathered by the group to supply an single analysis of the job and appropriate actions to cover with it. It may be that you provide a solution to the job or that you merely analyze the dimensions of the job. Alongside the completion of the chief study, you must bring forth an single brooding study of 3000 words ( A ± 5 % ) . This brooding analysis will look at the procedure of the undertaking. You should be self analytical every bit good as critical of your group.3. Module TimetableFor Health and Safety grounds the category will be divided into four cohorts by class.Cohort ACohort BCohort CCohort DInternational BusinessBusiness & A ; Management ( general )SellingFinanceLogisticssE-BusinessInformation SystemsSports & A ; LeisureEntrepreneurshipMonday [ 15th of June ]TimeRoomActivityCoachCohort9.30 – 10.45 A004, Park Square Introduction to the Module Vincent Ong and Peter Patrick ALL cohorts 10.45 – 11.00 Interruption 11.00 – 13.00 A004 What is contemplation and why is it relevant? Rob Carman ALL cohorts 13.00 – 14.00 Lunch ( You are on your ain! Please return quickly! ) 14.00 – 15.00 A004 Sourcing relevant information and citing it. Alan Bullimore & A ; Peter Godwin, Academic Liaison Librarian ALL cohorts 15.00 – 16.30 A004 Formation of groups and allotment of subjects Vincent Ong and Peter Patrick ALL cohortsTuesday [ 16th of June ]TimeRoomActivityCoachCohort9.30 – 12.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort AInternational Business Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort BBusiness & A ; Management ( general ) Selling 13.30 – 16.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort CFinance Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort DLogisticss E-Business Information Systems Sports & A ; Leisure EntrepreneurshipWednesday [ 17th of June ]TimeRoomActivityCoachCohort9.30 – 12.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort AInternational Business Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort BBusiness & A ; Management ( general ) Selling 13.30 – 16.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort CFinance Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort DLogisticss E-Business Information Systems Sports & A ; Leisure EntrepreneurshipThursday [ 18th of June ]9.30 – 12.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort AInternational Business Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort BBusiness & A ; Management ( general ) Selling 13.30 – 16.30 Business Pod 1 ( J103 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort CFinance Business Pod 3 ( J303 ) Work on undertaking in groups/ library Sessionss Business School staff/ Business LibrariansCohort DLogisticss E-Business Information Systems Sports & A ; Leisure EntrepreneurshipFriday [ 19th of June ]9.30 – 11.00 A004, Park Square Writing a study Steve Briggs, Learning Support Tutor ALL cohorts 11.00 – 11.30 Interruption 11.30 – 12.30 A004 Plagiarism and TurnitinUK ( Submiting your assignment electronically ) Prof. Brian Mathews ALL cohorts 12.30 – 13.00 A004 Concluding inquiries Vincent Ong and Peter Patrick ALL cohortsNote: After June 19th, you will non run into with your coachs. You should work with your squad in informations aggregation and entirely in composing up.4. Passing in the AssignmentDate for Submission – Monday 14th September 2009Concluding entry of both constituents ( Main Report & A ; Reflective Report ) of the AMP and completion of programme. The assignment must be submitted: To the Modular Office at the Student Centre by 4pm with TWO difficult copies* of your work and an electronic disc ( attached to one of the difficult transcripts ) . To TurnitinUK electronically via the BREO system ** ( Please submit harmonizing to your MSc Programme, see Appendix 5 on how to subject to TurnitinUK )Note:* Please adhere the Main Report and Reflective Report together with a clear rubric page for each subdivision. ** You have ONLY ONE opportunity to subject your concluding Main Report and Reflective Report in TurnitinUK. Please submit individually. Include everything except appendices.5. Report FormatThe AMP simulates the type of undertaking that you will be asked to make when you are employed. The Main Report has a recognised format, which you should utilize. Title Page – Faculty Code, Topic, Your Name, Your Student Number Acknowledgement – Merely set these in if you have received aid from an outside organic structure. There is no demand to thank your coachs. Table of Contents – Use a consistent attack to totaling the subdivisions of your study. Executive Summary – One side of A4 summarizing the cardinal points of your study Purposes and Objectives – This should sketch the manner in which you are undertaking the inquiry set. Literature reappraisal, Analysis and Discussion – This is the chief organic structure of the study in which you demonstrate your ability to happen, measure, analyse and synthesise information to bring forth an original piece of work Decisions – This is the subdivision where you summarise the old subdivision in such a manner as to clearly supply a response to the inquiry posed in the subject you were given. Recommendations – If appropriate recommendations for action should be provided in this subdivision. Mentions – All beginnings from which you have quoted MUST be listed here in alphabetical order harmonizing to the Harvard referencing system. Bibliography ( optional ) – Beginnings which you have read but to which you have non made specific reference in your work should be listed here in alphabetical order harmonizing to the Harvard referencing system. Appendix/appendices – are non a necessary portion of the study. It/they contains back uping stuff you wish to show but which is non indispensable to the apprehension of the chief study. Your study should be printed in Arial 12pt, 1.5 line spacing and edge. Note: The above format does non use to Reflective Report ( refer Page 8 for the recommended headers for Reflective Report ) .6. ReferencingMentions should be made to beginnings of stuff throughout the study. There are assorted conventions that can be used for citing and finally it does non count which is used, every bit long as it is used systematically. Possibly the easiest and neatest convention is the following one, since it does non take up undue infinite in the text and thereby does non deflect from the flow of statements. Efficaciously, this convention gives adequate information in the text to let full designation of the beginning from the mention. An writer can be referred to in a figure of ways. In the instance where the writer is referred as stating something in an unquoted manner: Maslow ( 1970 ) argues that†¦ . On the other manus, when citing verbatim ( direct citation ) and necessitating to impute the beginning: â€Å" †¦ is no longer a beginning of motive. † ( Maslow, 1970, p 43 ) Since the quotation mark is direct, it requires a precise page mention. The mentions list at the dorsum should detail all books, articles, etc, that have been referred to in the text, foremost by writer ( alphabetically ) and following by day of the month of publication. If the beginning is a book, these inside informations will be followed by the full rubric ( underscored ) , the topographic point of publication, and the publishing house, e.g. Maslow A H ( 1970 ) Motivation and Personality New York, Harper and Row Another illustration might be: Lloyd P Jones A and Brown S ( 1984 ) Introduction to Psychology: An Integrated Approach London Fontana In this case there are a figure of writers, and in the text with three or more writers you should utilize the manner Lloyd et Al. ( 1984 ) . The â€Å" et Al † is a shortening of et alia, a Latin term significance and others. Mentioning to journal documents in the text is the same process, but they are elaborate instead otherwise. In this instance it is the beginning diary or book that is underscored, the rubric of the paper looking in upside-down commas, e.g. Maslow A H ( 1943 ) â€Å" A Theory of Human Motivation † Psychological Review Vol. 50 No. 2 pp 370-396 If an writer quoted has published two or more points in one twelvemonth, these should be distinguished between as follows: Agee ( 1986a ) and Agee ( 1986b ) Sometimes writers are non identified, but the book is published under the protections of an establishment, e.g. Institute of Personnel Management or The Royal Commission for†¦ †¦ †¦ . These should be listed under the names of the establishments. Proper referencing is a important facet of the thesis and, in some instances, it can do the difference between a base on balls and a fail. You are hence strongly advised to take peculiar attention over this..7. Brooding Analysis Reportâ€Å" The brooding analysis study is designed to consolidate the pupil larning from the thesis experience. It is designed to let pupils to analyze single and group experiences through critical contemplation. Students are advised to take some awareness of current theory and application of brooding pattern. The followers should be taken into history in roll uping this study. First, the analysis is non about demonstrating: How perfect you are How you ‘ve done everything absolutely good That others have let you down Second, the analysis is about what you have learnt from the experience, both personally and as a group. Contemplation under the undermentioned headers might be considered.IntroductionRemembrance of experiencesHow the development procedure worked. Diarised remembrance of cardinal phases and ‘events ‘ in the development of both the literature reappraisal and the integrated selling program. Any peculiar internal crises or elements of enlightenment should be identified. In roll uping this component, pupils are advised to maintain regular and elaborate journals or logs.Personal feelings and larning from the experiencePersonal feelings sing the procedure and one ‘s ain part to the experience. Designation of any specific personal jobs either with content, procedure or other group members. Identification of how issues were resolved and over what clip period. How, if at all, was my public presentation compromised by the actions of others? How might my actions have compromised the public presentation of others? Any other remarks sing personal feelings and acquisition.Group kineticss and larning from the experienceHow did the group respond to the procedure? Identification of any jobs with the group as a whole. How did the group dynamic evolve? How did the group respond to you and your input? What new group penetrations evolved? How would the other members of the group have regarded you? What more might the group, or persons within the group have done in work outing the job ( s ) ? What value was gained from the supervisor audiences?Lessons for future undertakingsIdentify up to 5 cardinal lessons to better your public presentation in future group activities and undertakings.DecisionGeneral decisions from the procedure. You might besides see the followers: Do n't trust on your memory: compile habitue detailed advancement logs Be prepared to discourse issues and feelings with other members of the group Prepare for some uncomfortableness and ‘hostile information ‘ Through foresight and hindsight you can derive insight. † ( Hunt, N ( 2005 ) Dissertation Handbook ) More elaborate information is given in Appendix 28. Plagiarism and LumpingWork presented by a pupil in an appraisal is expected to be the pupil ‘s ain, and while citations from published beginnings are normally acceptable, such instances must be clearly identified and the beginning to the full acknowledged.As a guideline, verbatim ( direct ) citations should non transcend 5 % of your 12000 words in the chief study and 3000 words in the brooding study.Plagiarism is Copying balls of unascribed text from elsewhere, including downloading stuff from the cyberspace Incomplete or inaccurate referencing Copying other pupil ‘s work Leting others to hold entree to your work which they may copy Plagiarism is a serious offense that will be punished. The University has set of ordinances to regulate how plagiarism is treated and you should do yourself familiar with these ( They are available on the web site ) . As a lower limit punishment, pupil who commits plagiarism will usually have a fail class, and this means that the undertaking must be taken once more and the pupil has to pay to make so. The offense is besides recorded and may be mentioned is mentions are requested. The ground we penalise plagiarism because it is frequently a signifier of larceny and the purpose in all instances is to lead on. It constitutes unethical behavior. Unitization is the usage of significant sums of other people ‘s work which is right referenced. Students whose work consists of a series of citations from other people ‘s work, which is right referenced, are non guilty of misrepresentation. Nevertheless they are likely to neglect the faculty because they have non demonstrated that they are capable of the Master ‘s degree accomplishments of analysis, rating and synthesis of thoughts. Recognizing the relevancy of other people ‘s thoughts is merely a first twelvemonth undergraduate accomplishment. As you will detect in the session on plagiarism we have entree to package which compares work submitted by pupils with a database which is added to by every piece of work that is checked. As more universities join the strategy the database becomes more comprehensive.. We now have a policy to look into every undertaking so you are asked to manus in a disc with your work. 9. Marker of The Assignment You will have a individual class for the Applied Management Project. The balance of the class between the undertaking and the brooding study will be reflected in the word count allowed for each subdivision. The Main Report carries 80 % of the grade and the Reflective Report 20 % . The tabular array in Appendix 1 shows the standards used to tag your work Your work will be dual marked, which is why we ask you to manus in two transcripts of your study. It will besides be checked for lumping and plagiarism, which is why we ask for a transcript on disc. If you do non supply what we ask, there will be a hold in taging your work which may take to a hold in obtaining your award. You should manus in TWO difficult transcripts of your work and an electronic disc. And you should besides subject your both chief study and brooding study electronically via BREO ‘s TurnitinUK ( under the Assignments nexus ) .10. Coach Support ( merely available during the AMP hebdomad )You will NOT hold a personal coach in the manner of the old fashioned undertaking. A squad of coachs with a scope of capable specialism will back up your work during the AMP ‘s group-work Sessionss. After June 19th, 2009, you will have no more tutorial aid. You will so be entirely with your group to finish the work. The coachs will work as a squad during the group-work Se ssionss and will rede and steer you as you request ( i.e. counsel on literature reappraisal, secondary research, research analysis etc. ) . During the AMP hebdomad, Academic Liaison Librarian will besides be about to supply support in academic sourcing and referencing. 11. Administration Support over the Summer If you have any general question, delight direct your electronic mail to amp @ beds.ac.uk alternatively of the direct electronic mail of faculty leaders. This electronic mail will make all faculty leaders and one of the faculty leaders will answer you.Appendix 1 – Applied Management Project Marking SchemePurposes and AimsThe AMP is designed to give pupils the chance to show their cognition and apprehension of concern every bit good as the accomplishments indispensable to effectual operation in a concern environment. In peculiar the purposes of this faculty are to enable the pupils to take the cognition, understanding and accomplishments they have been developing in single faculties See below ) and utilize them in a complex, multifunctional state of affairs. explicate a job place information demands retrieve information synthesise information bring forth originative solutions bring forth a well argued and supported study in response to the job identified work efficaciously in a group work efficaciously in a clip constrained state of affairs reflect on the acquisition achieved through the procedure It is the vehicle through which Masterss pupils can demo that they are able to work at Masters degree every bit defined in the University ‘s degree M form: Students ‘should be working within complex, unpredictable and usually specialised Fieldss demanding advanced work which involves researching the current bounds of cognition. ‘ The work to be assessed is in two parts – the first a 12,000 word study and the 2nd a contemplation on the procedure of making the assignment. Two taging strategies are presented one for each assignment.You should supply a separate grade for each constituent.Assessment standards.There are two sets of sets of results which are identified in the M degree forms. The first are cognitive results and the 2nd are generic accomplishments Broadly talking the cognitive results can be evaluated through the study, whereas the brooding essay should give an penetration into the generic accomplishments. It is nevertheless, the instance that the generic accomplishments can besides be measured by the pupil ‘s success or deficiency of it in bring forthing an equal piece of work. Cognitive results Knowledge and Understanding Should be able to autonomously analyze new and/or abstract informations and state of affairss utilizing a broad scope of techniques appropriate to the subject ( s ) and to his/her ain research or advanced scholarship Should be able to show a deepness of cognition and a systematic apprehension of his/her subject ( s ) , across specializer and applied countries, and be critically cognizant of and cover with complexness, spreads and contradictions in the current cognition base with assurance Although the undertaking is based on secondary informations, there are legion beginnings – academic diaries, newspapers, trade imperativeness, authorities studies, and books – which the pupil can utilize every bit good as www.google.com! The information may and likely will be contradictory. Students may cover with this by disregarding conflicting findings or by prosecuting in a argument to analyze the grounds for the disparity A -The pupil provides a comprehensive reply that shows a clear apprehension of the comprehensiveness of the issues involved. The reply demonstrates the pupil ‘s ability to supply a balanced response taking history of disparity and differences in the secondary informations. The answer clearly supports a position that the pupil has mastery over the capable affair. B -The pupil demonstrates a good apprehension of the issues involved and the relation of these issues to their concern specialism. They are able to pull strings thoughts good to bring forth a sound reply to the inquiry C- The reply demonstrates an ability to utilize thoughts which are easy accessible. No grounds of a pupil ‘s effort to travel beyond the obvious. Discussion accurate but shoal. Correct citing for the most portion D- Heavy trust on really limited set of ideas. Small grounds of any effort to roll up a broader scope of information. Discussion narrow and perchance non good argued or supported. . E – Discussion lacks comprehensiveness. The pupil fails to show a existent apprehension of all the issues involved F -Very little or no grounds of the pupil ‘s ability to appreciate a scope of different thoughts – Alternatively heavy trust on big balls of other ‘s work. Referencing may non be full and accurate but is present and the purpose is NOT to base on balls work away as the pupil ‘s ain Synthesis/creativity Should be able to autonomously synthesize information and thoughts and suggest new hypotheses, create original responses to jobs that expand or redefine bing cognition or develop new attacks to altering state of affairss A – a good constructed piece of work which clearly demonstrates the pupil ‘s ability to synthesize complex statements and to utilize the informations to come up with fresh solutions. It has a logical flow and The work will be good argued and the decisions will follow of course from the grounds presented. No uncertainty will be left in the reader ‘s head as to their cogency. B – a good constructed piece of work. Literature critically evaluated non simply a precis. Good usage of secondary informations beginnings to back up the statements. Literature supports the treatment which has been developed from the information collected. The work will be soundly argued and the decisions will be mostly converting C – A scope of appropriate points made but more as a list so as a incorporate piece of work. ‘Reader presented with bricks instead than constructing ‘ . The work will be moderately argued but the decisions will non be wholly convincing Secondary beginnings will normally provided to back up the points made D – A limited figure of points made with small effort to interrelate them to organize a consistent treatment. Poorly argued with instead flimsy decisions. The reader may good doubt that the decisions are valid.Poor usage of any external informations to back up the points. E – Some grounds of an effort to supply an reply to the inquiry but deficient item to go through. No existent effort to travel on from a few pieces of information. Poorly argued and with decisions that merely do non follow from the grounds presented ‘Chunking ‘ calls into inquiry the pupil ‘s in depth apprehension of the issues presented.. F – A random aggregation of statements based on the pupils ain point of position with no effort to utilize grounds to back up the statements. Alternatively, serious ‘chunking ‘ . Evaluation Should be able to independently measure current research, advanced scholarship and associated methodological analysiss and suitably warrant the work of egos and others A little group of pupils complained that they needed more clip because of the mass of information available so under this heading the ability to recognize worthwhile and less valuable information should be included. A – The reply demonstrates the ability to cover with informations from a broad assortment of beginnings with a clear apprehension of its comparative value. There is clear grounds of the pupil ‘s ability to critically measure thoughts and beginnings. Referencing is full and accurate B- A good scope of literature used from a wide scope of beginnings. The reply demonstrates grasp of its rightness. Full and accurate referencing C- Some grounds of critical rating of secondary informations. Correct citing for the most portion D- Indiscriminate usage of ( likely ) really limited information. Poor citing E – Some effort to utilize secondary informations. No effort at measuring its dependability. Poor citing F -Very little or no usage of published work. Ill referenced if at allGeneric accomplishments resultsAlthough the generic accomplishments will to some extent be obvious in the end product of the concern study they should besides emerge from the brooding essay. Needs analysis Should be able to research the demands of a undertaking and formulate feasible proposals for run intoing these demands A – an first-class reply will show a comprehensive consideration of the issues and configure the response to enable different statements to be presented in a logical order. B – a good reply will construction the job in a logical manner showing a comprehensiveness of apprehension of the issues C- an mean reply will demo consideration of some of the issues in a moderately consistent manner D – a hapless response will take a really narrow position and see a limited scope of issues E- a referral reply will non see the issues posed in the inquiry in a coherent or elaborate manner, F – a neglecting reply will non show an apprehension of the issues posed in the inquiry Performance planning and direction Should be able to be after the undertaking, and run into their ain skill-development demands, and derive the necessary committedness from others Should be able to pull off the undertaking, accommodating their scheme as necessary to accomplish the quality of results required Presentation and Evaluation Should be able to show the results of the undertaking in a mode appropriate to the intended audience ( s ) and measure their overall public presentationThe Reflective ReportBased on the predating theoretical account, the undermentioned guidelines should be used for measuring the pupil ‘s contemplations: Is the work complete? Is the work thorough Is the work genuinely brooding or simply a diarised history of the procedure? Does the work place both personal and group kineticss and development? Is there any grounds of associating the contemplation to theory? Is there grounds of existent acquisition from the thesis experience? Is there any grounds of feedback that might assist coachs better the experience for future pupils? Coachs are advised to take a holistic position of the pupils ‘ contemplations as the work is likely to be presented in a assortment of rather different signifiers. ( Hunt.N, 2005 ) The undermentioned contemplation under the undermentioned headers might be considered by pupils.IntroductionRemembrance of experiencesHow the development procedure worked. Diarised remembrance of cardinal phases and ‘events ‘ in the development of both the literature reappraisal and the integrated selling program. Any peculiar internal crises or elements of enlightenment should be identified.Personal feelings and larning from the experiencePersonal feelings sing the procedure and one ‘s ain part to the experience. Designation of any specific personal jobs either with content, procedure or other group members. Identification of how issues were resolved and over what clip period. How, if at all, was my public presentation compromised by the actions of others? How might my actions have compromised the public presentation of others? Any other remarks sing personal feelings and acquisition.Group kineticss and larning from the experienceHow did the group respond to the pr ocedure? Identification of any jobs with the group as a whole. How did the group dynamic evolve? How did the group respond to you and your input? What new group penetrations evolved? How would the other members of the group have regarded you? What more might the group, or persons within the group have done in work outing the job ( s ) ? What value was gained from the supervisor audiences?Lessons for future undertakingsIdentify up to 5 cardinal lessons to better your public presentation in future group activities and undertakings.DecisionAppendix 2 – Introduction to Reflection Used with the permission of the writer Dr Chris Johns, Faculty of Health and Social Science, University of Luton Edited by Ann Mathews, Luton Business School Aim of the brochure To increase apprehension and use of the brooding procedure Aims By the terminal of this brochure you should be able to: Define brooding pattern. Describe the process/stages of turning contemplation into larning and Identify the accomplishments required to prosecute in brooding pattern. Recognise schemes, which may advance contemplation as a learning tool. Contemplation Can be defined as: a technique for turning experience into acquisition or a manner for persons to go autonomous and job resolution.Other definitions:Kolb ( 1975 ) said contemplation is cardinal to the procedure of turning experience into acquisition. Boyd and Fales ( 1983 ) suggest that: ‘The procedure of contemplation is the nucleus difference, whether a individual repeats the same experience several times between going proficient in one behavior, or learns from experience in such a manner that he or she is cognitively or affectively changed. ‘ Rogers ( 1986 ) said it was utilizing one ‘s ain experience to supply acquisition, he said that self-initiated acquisition concerns the whole individual, both feelings and mind, and in this manner the acquisition becomes permanent and permeant. Reid ( 1993 ) said ‘a procedure of reexamining an experience of pattern in order to depict, analyse and evaluate and so inform acquisition from pattern ‘ ( p 305 ) What is Reflection? The complex and calculated procedure of believing about and construing experience in order to larn from it – a witting procedure. Brooding acquisition is the procedure of internally analyzing and researching an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies intending in footings of ego, and which consequences in a changed conceptual position ( Boyd and Fales 1983 ) . Contemplation Introduced So frequently in our every twenty-four hours lives we acquire caught up with the force per unit areas and demands, we react to state of affairss automatically and happen small clip to reflect on what we are making and why. In day-to-day life or on a demanding class pupils and staff may happen similar jobs. The force per unit area to finish assignments, larning new accomplishments, run intoing the demands of households and friends may look to go forth small clip to chew over one ‘s personal and professional development as one progresses through life or a class. One manner of taking clip to believe throughout experiences and to larn from them is to maintain a diary, or notes, on specific occurrences. Tthis allows contemplation during the authorship or at a ulterior clip. Many people have been introduced into the brooding procedure by this mechanism. Holly and McLoughlin ( 1989.page 281 ) suggest that maintaining a personal/ professional diary is: ‘both a manner to enter the journey of instruction and growth, and to see the procedures purposefully and sensitively. It is a method for researching our inner universes and histories ; of examining the educational and cultural surroundings within which we teach ; and of asking into the significance of learning. Professional development provides the context within which appraisal and assessment reside and do sense ‘ . Brooding notes tend to be written at times of critical incidents. Holly and McLoughlin ( 1989 ) indicate several benefits of maintaining a diary, or notes, on a critical incident. Provides a lasting record, which we can return to from a assortment of positions. Writing to reflect provides a cyclical procedure ; reflecting as you write and returning at a ulterior day of the month to reflect on what has been written which may supply new thoughts for farther contemplation. Writing necessitates ‘time out ‘ for contemplation. They argue that clip to reflect is non a luxury but a professional necessity. Forms and the subjects of life become evident over clip. We act on our situational perceptual experiences yet our perceptual experiences are dependent on what we see and experience. We tend to work on automatic pilot and therefore we may non be cognizant of the forms and subjects in our lives. Writing over clip makes seeing these subjects and forms possible. Learning from pattern can increase consciousness, self-knowledge and assurance. We need non maintain reiterating our errors and lickings. As we write about our professional pattern and note forms and subjects in the ways that we influence and are influenced by our fortunes we can larn more about ourselves. We can get down to understand why we do what we do and do unconscious behaviors witting so that we may alter it as appropriate. We can go more cognizant of our environment and the contexts in which we teach and can get down to expect and specify events instead than merely responding to them. Writing brings to conscious degree much that was tacit. As we write and play with thoughts and images other thoughts emerge, begin to blend together and we come to consciously cognize what we already knew tacitly. Writing provides a comprehensive and on-going database for professional development. Using words to depict our experiences in pattern additions our scope of linguistic communication available to depict our pattern to others. Through our authorship we may go more comfy and clear about our thoughts and can come in into treatment with others and so enrich our pattern. Used in this manner the diary mimics the research worker ‘s diary as it accumulates a database for the survey of pattern. However single events can be written in a similar manner. Learning from Reflection Contemplation is cardinal to the procedure of turning experience into larning. Boyd and Fales ( 1983 ) suggest that: ‘The procedure of contemplation is the nucleus difference whether a individual repeats the same experience several times between going proficient in one behavior, or learns from experience in such a manner that he or she is cognitively or efficaciously changed ‘ . Since this type of authorship is an basically procedure of larning from experience the ability to reflect on your experiences will be cardinal to larning. The Procedure of Contemplation Recall an experience to mind as shortly after the event as possible and compose a brief description of what happened. The purpose with callback is to acquire in touch with what you experienced, it is of import non to measure or judge the experience, ( Cell,1984 ) . Following, take some clip to compose your ideas and feelings about the experience. This can be rather light hearted and relaxed. Let your ideas to flux spontaneously as you write. When you have explored the experience you can get down to concentrate your ideas more specifically. The following are suggestions, which might turn out utile. What did you make good? How would you back up this belief? In retrospect is at that place anything that you would now wish to alter and if so why? What were you believing about during the experience? How did you act? How did other people behave? What did you anticipate to go on in the state of affairs? Make it turn out as you expected? What emotional or feeling responses did you hold and what caused you to experience this manner, did these impact your behavior? Were you aware of any interpersonal kineticss and how did these influence you? For illustration were you experiencing cross, hurried or happy? Did you do what you said you would make? If non what happened to alter your head? This can supply valuable cognition of state of affairss or be utile in future state of affairss. Did you learn anything new as a consequence of this experience which you could utilize in a similar state of affairs in the hereafter? Are there countries you feel you need to better or develop. If so what EXACTLY are they and how can you travel about this? Did this cognition aid you in developing new schemes in the hereafter? Did this experience aid you to derive greater conceptual apprehension? Did any of the theoretical positions help to broaden your consciousness or help your apprehension of what was go oning in this state of affairs? Is there an country of theory you need to brush up on or look up?Once you have finished authorship, read through what you have writtenThis can be undertaken at a ulterior day of the month if necessary. Are at that place any facets that you have taken for granted, premises made opinions or inexplicit values being expressed that you were non cognizant of at the clip? You can utilize this reading to analyze these in order possibly to clear up, polish or modify any countries. Over clip you may get down to see familiar forms emerging as you read through what you have written. It is of import to see the brooding procedure as a critical duologue with your experience and with your observations on the experience. This gives you the chance to reflect on the utility of the premises you habitually make. You can see alternate ways of sing state of affairss. It is frequently valuable to discourse these thoughts with equals or those involved in the same experience. When you are composing in your diary or reflecting on an experience avoid utilizing over generalizations such as â€Å" everyone knows † , â€Å" cipher does that † or â€Å" it is ever done that manner † . When you are tempted to utilize these footings try replacing â€Å" I † , for illustration â€Å" I do n't make that † . These entries will enable you to see the opinions that you make about others and forms in the manner that you construe your experiences. These are more likely to be noted when you re-read entries after a period of clip has elapsed. By reflecting on several entries you can get down to place the concepts and standards implicit in your thought forms. Be cognizant of the ideas and feelings, which may be evoked when reading through the diary! Through this procedure you begin to clear up, modify and develop the values, beliefs, standards and concepts which you use to construe your experiences. Clearly non all of these inquiries would be relevant in every state of affairs but is utile to acquire into the wont of inquiring these sorts of inquiries of your personal experience. It can be defined as a staged procedure First Phase Awareness of a hard issue. Clear apprehension that an issue needs to be addressed, as the cognition the person was using in the state of affairs clearly was non effectual. Recognition of an accomplishment. Second Phase A critical analysis of the state of affairs, affecting an analysis of feelings and cognition. Examination of how the person affected the state of affairs, and frailty versa. Third Stage Development of a new position. Outcome of contemplation is hence learning: Clarification of an issue. Development of a new attitude or manner of thought Resolution of a job. Change in behavior. What qualities are needed to go a Brooding Practitioner/Learner? Skills Needed Open mindedness Motivation Committedness to alter Recognition of personal prejudices Receptive to new thoughts Keen to develop personal penetration Time and energy Barriers to the development of brooding pattern Lack of clip Low morale Lack of the theoretical base Unwillingness to develop self consciousness and penetration Lack of accomplishment development A wish to transport on as everNB. If you ever do what you have done earlier, you will ever hold merely what you have already got! !To summarize the standards for Contemplation on Practice it is portion of ego assessment and ego consciousness it is an geographic expedition of feelings as a consequence of experiences it is depicting one ‘s actions and depicting the results of actions its placing what was worthwhile, what one would make otherwise and why it is the analysis of this to explicate why things work good or non – it identifies what acquisition has occurred, and evaluates knowledge degree it identifies what farther acquisition is required, = self growing and personal and professional development The Potential of Reflective Practice allows critical analysis and synthesis Examines the constituents of a state of affairs Identifies and size up bing cognition, and how relevant this is to the state of affairs. Explores the feelings you have or had about the state of affairs. Challenges any premises you may hold had. Allows geographic expedition of alternate cognition and actions Advantages to the Practitioner/Learner Helps you to do opinions Develops competency through critical contemplation on experience Generates new cognition Gives authorization Develops a wider cognition of societal and political alteration Examples of theoretical accounts of Contemplation Schon ( 1983 ) provinces: ‘In the varied topography of professional pattern, there is high difficult land overlooking a swamp. On the high land, manageable jobs lend themselves to solutions through application of research-based theory and technique. In the swampy lowland, mussy confounding jobs defy proficient solution. The sarcasm of the state of affairs is that the jobs of the high land tend to be comparatively unimportant to persons or society at big while in the swamp lie the jobs of greatest human concern. To me, an educated individual, foremost and first, understands that one ‘s ways of cognizing thought and making flow from whom one is. Such a individual knows that an reliable individual is no mere person, an island unto oneself, but is a being in relation to others, and hence is, at nucleus, an ethical being. Furthermore, a genuinely educated individual speaks and Acts of the Apostless from a deep sense of humbleness, witting of the bounds set by human finiteness and morality, admiting the grace by which pedagogue and educated are allowed to brood in the present that embraces past experiences but is unfastened to possibilities yet to be ‘ . A Simple Model of Reflection 1 The Significant Experience The salient events – 1 ‘s behavior thoughts / cognition feelings good / bad 2 The Reflective Procedure 1. Describe the events. Avoid doing opinions 2. Attend to experience – good 1s or negative 1s. Casual fortunes or act uponing factors 3. Re-evaluate the experience How it felt, self, others, clients Connect bing cognition and attitudes with thoughts and feelings from experience 4. See alteration of cognition, attitudes, behavior for future usage Explore and dispute any premises you made 3 Result Evaluation of the brooding procedure 4 Critical analysis A new manner of making something, or an alternate manner of covering with the state of affairs elucidation of an issue development of a skill declaration of a job, greater assurance in one ‘s abilities changed set of precedences 5 Consequences Action Plan/ ends Consequences into pattern Learning demands Changing pattern ( Koch 1989 ) Future Experiences Links theory to pattern Stop and take stock so advancement ( Kemmis 1895 ) Enhanced degree of assurance To Summarize Behaviour 1. Describing the events New Perspective Ideas 2. Addressing 1s feelings Changes in behavior Feelingss 3. Re-evaluating the experience Commitment to action The experience 4. The brooding procedure Results Decision Learning through contemplation topographic points control with the person Helps the person with the challenges of pattern. â€Å" Experience is ne'er limited, and is ne'er complete. It is an huge esthesia, a sort of immense spider ‘s web of the finest satiny togss suspended in the chamber of consciousness, and catching every air borne atom in its tissue. † Henry James 1843