Effects of Orphanhood on Child Development

Effects of Orphanhood on Child Development3. brush up OF LITERATUREA solid family environment is essential in paving material the way for the realization of future dreams and aspirations of sisterren.Nelson MandelaThe poseing of kidskinren is not in itself what is revolting, hardly the fact that it is undeserved if we standnot make a world in which barbarianren no longer suffer, at least we can try to reduce the publication of suffering tiddlerren Albert Camus L Homme Revolte.Children must be protected not because they atomic come up 18 innocent more over because they be powerless Mason CooleyA look into literary productions review is a written summary of the state of alive knowledge on a research problem. The task of reviewing research literature involves identification, selection, critical analysis, and written description of existing information on a topic. 11The various attributes of orphans, orphaning and orphanages ar considered in separate sections1. DEFINIT IONS OF ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDRENThe al-Quran orphan is derived from the Latin word orbus meaning bereft or to suffer the impairment. Today, it applies to a child whos either or both of the parents are dead.12 t entirelyy to UNICEF the definition of an orphan is either adept between the ages of 0 and 17 years who has broken at least one parent or both the parents.13 susceptible children are those who belong to high-risk groups who lack access to basic kindly amenities or facilities. Vulnerable is analogous to the word affected. They implicate street children, orphans, child prisoners, child laborers, the children of sex workers and, confusingly, children who are orphaned by AIDS or fuddle an HIV-positive parent14. Historically such orphans sustain been reared by close relatives or in institutions meant for other(a) take children like them.Indias fealty to the cause of children is an old as its civilization. The child is believed to be a dower of the Gods, which mus t be nurtured with cautiousness and affection, within the family and the society Unfortunately, due to socio-economic and political factors, the incidence of neglect, abuse and wish, particularly in the poverty afflicted sections of the society, has piecemeal increased .The category of mixerly handicapped children includes within it those children who are destitute, abandoned, deprived, overleap, victimized, vagrant, and sluice flea-bitten children observes.15 Khandekar feels that the term deprived children implies deprivation of many aspects, such as economic, social, familial, delirious and moral.16Bose opines that the category of children in need of consider and protection s a wider scope which includes children whose parents are extremely poor, children of working women with low income, exploited, shoo-in children, child beggars, vagrants, delinquents, etc.17Thus we see a little agreement on the specifics of who can be include into the category of orphan children. Bos e vehemently advocates that the juvenile delinquents too be included the class of orphan children. They have even been called neglected juveniles and described as one who is a destitute, who is leftfield alone, abandoned, forsaken, in tattle want, without resources, deprived, in a state of extreme poverty, creation without food, shelter etc.The working group appointed by the Department of Social Welfare, Ministry of man Resources Development, Government of India in 1969 listed the following circumstances to define orphans, although at that place are other terms such as socially handicapped utilize interchangeablya) a child, whose parents are not able to look later with proper care and control.b) a child, without any living parents, who is not being looked after by any other near relatives on whom at that place is a moral or social obligation to look after.c) a child who has no home or settled place of abode, without any ostensible intend of subsistence.d) a child whose sur viving parent is a lunatic.e) a child deserving special protection, from parents who indulge him / her in prostitution, poisoning or anti-social conduct.f) a child whose parents have forced him into beggary, acrobatics or performing tricks for the purpose of earning or any other kind of child labor.g) a child who is uncontrollable.18Further the Planning Commission of India in the tenth Five year plan has brought all these children under a commonplace category called as children in arduous circumstances and included under this category are street children, abandoned children, orphaned children, child laborers, children who have been physically or sexually ab employ, children in conflict with law, children with HIV/AIDS, children of terminally ill parents, children of parents serving prison terms, children victims of natural disasters, terrorist attacks, immigration etc, for the purpose of qualification need based policies and welfare programmers.192. BURDEN OF ORPHANHOOD IN IND IAThe estimated number of orphans who need care and protection in India would give a transgress perspective of the magnitude of the problem on our hands .Though the exact quantum of parasitic children is not known, approximations are available.In India 31 million children have render orphans due to all causes as by 2009.2 Every 2.2 seconds a child loses a parent somewhere in the world. By 2015, It is projected that there entrust be 400 million orphaned children worldwide.20Moreover, it would be difficult to estimate the number of children who are abandoned, neglected, deprived of paternal or family care due to innumerable other reasons such as family feud, parental desertion, illegal pregnancy, natural disasters.3. CAUSES OF ORPHANING3.1 BROKEN HOMES, PARENTAL DISHARMONY , PARENTAL LOSS / deprivationBROKEN HOMES, PARENTAL DISHARMONYA large proportion of delinquent and neglected children come from broken homes. Desertion, divorce, illegitimacy, cruelty, drunkenness and drug abu se by the parents are some of the common denominators among the neglected children.21Broken Home is one which is rendered incomplete by the absence of one or both parents enate musical interval or divorce often have an altogether distinct aspect where in the child is presented with a conflict of loyalties which is sometimes play upon ordinarily by the contesting parents introduces new problem of adjusting to step parents and their attitudes.22There is withal a type of home which is thoroughly noxious without being broken. The members of the family go on living together, a life punctuated by quarrels, hatred, brutality, alcoholism, irresponsibility etc and emotional turmoil resulting from domestic discord, parental neglect or rejection may pack the child to retaliatory aggression.23Ganga et al in their study of 225 inmates of an orphanage in Thanjavur documented that in 43.5% of the children, get had more than one wife, and beat had left home in 14.6% while mother had left i n 12.9%.24 Manjushree and Srinivasan find that of the 73 neglected children, in 8 children frequent quarrels between father and mother was observed.25 Thilagaraj in his study of neglected children documented that 37.5% of the parents were unhappily adjusted, parental disengagement/ desertion was seen in 12.6%. In 10% each, either both the parents had died or one parent had died and there was remarriage or there was no remarriage.26 Singh and co-workers while studying parental image in delinquents observed that in all cases of their study sample, parents had cordial and harmonious relationship.27PARENTAL LOSS / releaseThe presence of a human figure is essential to develop social responsiveness. Because, if the child is constantly exposed to inanimate means of stimulation, the feelings of attachments to inanimate objects king publicize to human figure.28The effects of long-term or permanent separation form one or both parents are complex. When the separation occurs as early as th ree months after birth, the infants emotional upset seems to be primarily a reaction to the environmental change and strangeness, and he /she usually adapts readily to a surrogate mother-figure. But once attachment behavior has developed, the emotional hurt of separation may be deeper and more sustained. The child may go through a period of bereavement and have greater difficulty in adjusting to the change. It would appear that the age at which the infant is most vulnerable to long term separation or departure is from 7 months to 5 years.The long term consequences of such a departure appear to depend not only on the time of its occurrence, but similarly on factors such as the child in question, his previous(prenominal) relationship with parent and the quality of subsequent parental care.29MATERNAL exit In a pioneering study, Bowlby (1960) summarized the effects of maternal separation on children from 2 to 5 years of age who were hospitalized for prolonged periods.He cited three stages of their separation reaction1) Initial protest characterized by increased crying, screaming and general activity2) Despair which included dejection, stupor, decreased activity and general insulation from the environment, and3) Detachment following the childrens discharge from the hospital and reunion with their mothers in whom the children appeared indifferent and sometimes even hostile towards their parents.30According to Howells separation and deprivation are not synonymous terms. He states that separation of the child and parent, means that the child is physically parted from its parents and has an existence independent of them. On the other hand, deprivation is a term which indicates that a deprivation is suffered, and when applied to the child, it is used in the following two senses1) Occasionally it is used to denote that the child suffers the loss of its parents, or permanent parent substitute. This usually coincides with physical separation of parent and child (to prevent confusion with the term separation the system deprivation should be avoided).2) Frequently it is used to denote that the child is deprived of the necessary care for its emotional growth and so suffers the loss of parentingSeparation, wherefore involves the physical absence of the parent, but not necessarily of parenting. Deprivation involves the loss of parenting but not necessarily of parents. Thereby, he has drawn a peculiarity between parents as an entity from parenting, that is, the emotional care given by them to the children.31Bowlby comments that in the young childs eyes father plays second fiddle, but is of an indirect take to be as an economic and emotional support to the mother.30 True enough, this is the impression carried over by the social, psychological and psychiatric literature. The facts however may be different. The father may share parenting, often equally, sometimes pre-dominantly and sometimes subordinately. Few facts are available.Nevertheless, the available literature indicates that the father has an important role to play in maintaining the stability of the family group and in supporting the role of the mother. He has also a significant influence on the psychological development of boys and girls.The fathers manful model (aggressiveness, leadership and objectivity) is necessary for the boy if he is to emancipate himself from the female model prevailing at home and develop the qualities of maleness that will make him acceptable to his peers.32The various causes for parental loss described in the various studies, parental deaths due to a number of causes, outnumber all other causes. Fosteer G and colleagues in their study observed that 12.8% of children under 15 years old had a father or mother who had died 5% of orphans had lost both parents.33 Bhagath and Fraser in their study on neglected children demonstrate that paternal death was discovered in 40% whereas maternal loss was seen in 15%.34 Presley et at reported parenta l loss in 49. 2% of 140 neglected children, with 21% maternal loss and 25% had lost both the parents.35 Approximately 23% entering the foster care in the United States of America have lost one or both the parents in a survey carried out by Simms M D et al.36